Rajai, Nazanin

Introduction: Increasing evidence unravels the role of loneliness and social connection in cardiovascular diseases potentially mediating accelerated biological aging. The present study aims to explore the association between social connection and biological aging as determinate by artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiography (ECG). Methods: This is an observational retrospective cohort of adults aged ≥18 seen at Mayo Clinic from 2019-2022 who completed the social determinants of health questionnaire and had a 12-lead ECG within one year of completing the questionnaire. Five questions were asked to understand each patient’s social connection . The answers were scored to assess their level of social connection from socially isolated (score of 0) to socially connected (score of 4). The biological age was predicted from ECGs using the previously developed convolutional neural network (AI-ECG age). Delta age (Δage) was defined as AI-ECG age minus chronological age, where positive values reflect an older than expected age. Results: We included 280,323 subjects (chronological age 59.7±16.4 years, 51% female). The average AI-ECG age was 59.5±13.5 year. Better social connection status correlated with lower delta age (β=-0.33 (95%CI, -0.38 and -0.28, p<0.001, adjusted to chronological age and sex). Conversely, individuals reporting the least social connection were an average of 2 years older than expected whereas those with the most social connection were 2 years younger than expected by AI-ECG (Figure 1). Conclusions: Social connection is strongly associated with slower biological aging compared to chronological aging, independent of the conventional cardiovascular risk factors. This observation underscores the need to address social connection as a healthcare determinant.

Introduction: The physiological changes associated with aging have deleterious effects on cardiovascular function. In addition, increasing evidence showed the effect of exercise on improving cardiovascular health and reducing the aging process. The present study sought to demonstrate the association between exercise and biological age, estimated by our previously reported method using artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiography (ECG). Methods: This retrospective observational study enrolled adults aged ≥18 years who have been evaluated at Mayo Clinic between 2019-2022 and completed the exercise questionnaire. The total time spent in moderate to strenuous exercise was calculated by multiplying the number of days engaging in exercise per week by the average minutes per day. The biological age was determined by applying our previously developed convolutional neural network model on the 12-lead ECG records (AI-ECG). The ECG records were within one year of subjects’ visits (in case of multiple visits, the closest one to the questionnaire was chosen). Positive Age-Gap (AI-ECG minus chronological age) reflects a person identified as being older by AI-ECG compared to his/her chronological age. Results: A total of 268,002 subjects (51% female) were recruited (mean age 59.7±16.4 years). Of those, 25.7% were not engaged in any exercise. The median day of engaging in exercise was 3 (Interquartile range, 2,5) per week, and the average time of exercising was 31.3±30 minutes/day. Age-Gap diminished progressively with increased duration of moderate to strenuous exercise (Figure 1). Linear regression analysis revealed exercise is an independent predictor of Age-Gap, (β= -0.043, 95%CI, -0.045 and -0.041, p<0.001). Conclusions: Engaging in moderate to strenuous exercise is associated with slower biological aging relative to chronological age as determined by AI-enabled ECG.

Introduction: Peripheral microvascular endothelial dysfunction (PMED) is a marker and precursor of atherosclerosis and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. The present study aims to identify the best cut-off value of PMED, assessed by the reactive hyperemia index, in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Additionally, we investigate whether integrating PMED to CHA2DS2-Vasc score improves the predicting accuracy of cardiovascular disease. Methods: this is a retrospective study of patients who underwent reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT). The optimal cut-off value of reactive hyperemia index associated with MACE was calculated using the area under the receiver-operating curve and the maximum Youden index. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as age, sex, congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease were determined to calculate the CHA2DS2-VASc score. MACE was defined as myocardial infarction, heart failure hospitalization, and cerebrovascular events. Results: 1,690 patients were enrolled (average age 51.1±13.9, 64.1% female). The optimal cut-off value of the reactive hyperemia index was 2.0 in the overall population and females and 2.17 in males. The risk of MACE during 10 (Interquartile range: 4,16) years of follow-up was 15.3%. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that PMED as an independent predictor of MACE (PMED: OR, 3.6, 95% CI, 2.6-4.9, p<0.001) (Table1). Furthermore, integrating PMED to CHA2DS2-VASc significantly improved the predictive accuracy (area under the curve, 0.747 vs. 0.708, p<0.001). Conclusion: PMED is a strong predictor of cardiovascular events. Non-invasive assessment of peripheral endothelial function may be useful in early detection and improving the stratification of high-risk patients for cardiovascular events.

Introduction: Physical activity is protective against cardiovascular (CV) disease and mortality, yet more than 25% of adults do not perform any regular exercise. Whole body electronic muscle stimulation (WB-EMS) is a novel FDA-approved device used for physical training that simultaneously stimulates all major muscle groups using percutaneous electrical impulse transmission during exercise. Preliminary studies demonstrated increased muscle mass, reduced fat mass, and improved functional capacity in elderly individuals who trained with WB-EMS. We evaluated the effects of training with WB-EMS on measures of CV health. Methods: Healthy adults were randomized to physical training with versus without WB-EMS for one 20-minute session each week for 16 weeks. Participants wore a specifically designed vest and arm and leg straps connected to the WB-EMS device (Miha Bodytec, Germany). Biphasic electrical stimulation was delivered through the vest and straps (4 sec on, 4 sec off) at a frequency that elicited a score of 5-6 on the Borg perceived exertion scale when each major muscle group was stimulated. Individuals randomized to no WB-EMS wore the same equipment but received no stimulation. Sessions were provided by trainers certified in WB-EMS training and consisted of a fixed protocol of simple exercises such as squats and lunges. Temporal changes in measures of CV health were compared between groups. Results: Forty-one individuals were recruited between 02/2021 and 02/2022 (n=24 WB-EMS, n=17 no WB-EMS; mean age 35.9±11.2 yrs; 61.3% females; median BMI 24.3 (21.8, 28.1) kg/m 2 . After 16 weeks there were significant and favorable differences in the intervention group compared to controls in waist: hip ratio (-1.2 cm vs. 0.9, p=0.05); total cholesterol (-1.1 mg/kg vs. 14.2 mg/kg, p=0.02); anaerobic threshold (68.2% vs. 30.8%, p=0.03); breathing efficiency (VE/VCO2: -10.36 vs -7.38, p=0.01); and peripheral endothelial function, measured with reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (-0.009 vs. -0.29, p=0.06). Conclusions: Once weekly training with WB-EMS yielded more favorable changes in CV biomarkers compared to conventional training alone in healthy adults, and thus may offer an effective and time-efficient method of physical training.

Abstract Aims Cardiovascular disease and cancer share common pathogenesis and risk factors. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), reflecting impaired coronary microvascular dilation in response to stress, is related to a higher risk of major cardiovascular events; however, its association with cancer has not been explored. Methods and results A retrospective study on 1042 patients with non-obstructive coronary artery diseases (NOCADs) was performed. Data regarding demographic, clinical history, diagnostic coronary reactivity test, and cancer occurrence were collected. Coronary microvascular dysfunction was defined as coronary flow reserve (the ratio of hyperaemic blood flow to resting blood flow) ≤2.5. Thirty-four per cent had CMD (67.4% female and the average age was 52.4 ± 12.2 years). Of 917 patients with no history of cancer, 15.5% developed cancer during follow-up [median of 9 (4, 16) years]. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that CMD patients had lower cancer-free survival compared with those without CMD (log-rank P = 0.005). Cox proportional hazard analyses showed that after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and glomerular filtration rate, CMD is independently associated with cancer [hazard ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09–2.04; P = 0.04]. The rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was significantly higher in CMD patients compared with that in non-CMD patients who had a previous history of cancer [odds ratio (OR), 2.5; 95% CI, 1–6.2; P = 0.04] and those with no history of cancer (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.01–1.9; P = 0.044). Conclusion Coronary microvascular dysfunction is associated with cancer incidence in patients presenting with NOCADs. This study emphasizes follow-up in patients with CMD to evaluate the risk of MACE as well as potential malignant diseases.