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Background and Objectives: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by multisystem involvement, including renal cysts, hepatic cysts, intracranial aneurysms, and aortic root dilatation and dissection. Though exceedingly rare, cervical artery dissections (CeAD) have been reported in association with ADPKD. The aim of this retrospective observational study is to investigate clinical features in patients with ADPKD that increase the probability of an associated CeAD diagnosis. Materials and Methods: The National Inpatient Sample from 2016 to 2020 was utilized to compare clinical features for patients with an ICD-10 code diagnosis of ADPKD, CeAD, and both ADPKD and CeAD. The Cochran–Armitage test and Chi-square test were utilized to assess clinical features or trends in ADPKD patients associated with a concurrent CeAD diagnosis. Results: Between 2016 and 2020, there were 224,065 people with ADPKD, 86,135 with CeAD and 155 with both (0.05%). The total cohort had a mean age of 56.74 years, with 47.26% female participants (p = 0.70), and was predominantly white (66.15%, p < 0.001). In patients with ADPKD, comorbid acute ischemic stroke (p < 0.001), transient ischemic attack (p < 0.001), aortic dissection (p < 0.001), coronary artery dissection (p < 0.001), subarachnoid hemorrhage (p < 0.001), coagulation defects (p = 0.002), and hypertension (p < 0.001) are risk factors associated with an increased probability of concomitant CeAD. Conclusions: CeAD in ADPKD patients is rare. In ADPKD patients, acute ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, aortic dissection, coronary artery dissection, subarachnoid hemorrhage, coagulation defects, and hypertension are risk factors of concomitant CeAD. Recognizing these factors can aid in the decision to screen for concomitant CeAD in patients with ADPKD.

Purpose Aneurysmal rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have an exceptionally high mortality and morbidity burden. The aim of this study was to develop interpretable machine learning models for predicting short-term poor outcomes defined by the National Inpatient Sample Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Outcome Measure (NIS-SOM). Methods The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried from 2008 to 2018 to identify patients diagnosed with SAH who had undergone endovascular coiling or clipping for intracranial aneurysm. Demographic, comorbidity, risk factor, and hospital characteristic variables were recorded. Variables were preprocessed, and the feature space was reduced to include the most important features. To predict poor outcomes, machine learning models were trained and cross-validated before being evaluated on a separate testing set. Shapley Additive exPlanations of the best performing model was used for general and local model interpretation. Results Among 18,149 admissions (mean age 55 ± 14 years, 68.8% women), 52.9% had a poor outcome. Test-set AUCs ranged 0.74–0.80; a multilayer perceptron performed best (AUC 0.80, precision 0.74, recall 0.82). SHAP ranked the ten most influential variables: age, neurological comorbidity, paralysis, Medicare insurance, smoking status, Elixhauser burden, fluid-electrolyte disorders, weight loss, arrhythmia, and heart failure. Conclusions The modeling predicted nationwide aSAH prognosis with decent accuracy and highlighted clinical, socioeconomic, and system-level drivers of determinants of poor short-term outcome. These results support the potential of explainable ML tools as complementary tools for early risk stratification, guiding resource allocation, and informing prospective multi-center validation and implementation studies.

Importance Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents the third most common stroke type with unique etiologies, risk factors, diagnostics, and treatments. Nevertheless, epidemiological studies often cluster SAH with other stroke types leaving its distinct burden estimates obscure. Objective To estimate the worldwide burden of SAH. Design, Setting, and Participants Based on the repeated cross-sectional Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, the global burden of SAH in 1990 to 2021 was estimated. Moreover, the SAH burden was compared with other diseases, and its associations with 14 individual risk factors were investigated with available data in the GBD 2021 study. The GBD study included the burden estimates of nontraumatic SAH among all ages in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2021. Exposures SAH and 14 modifiable risk factors. Main Outcomes and Measures Absolute numbers and age-standardized rates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) of SAH incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as well as risk factor–specific population attributable fractions (PAFs). Results In 2021, the global age-standardized SAH incidence was 8.3 (95% UI, 7.3-9.5), prevalence was 92.2 (95% UI, 84.1-100.6), mortality was 4.2 (95% UI, 3.7-4.8), and DALY rate was 125.2 (95% UI, 110.5-142.6) per 100 000 people. The highest burden estimates were found in Latin America, the Caribbean, Oceania, and high-income Asia Pacific. Although the absolute number of SAH cases increased, especially in regions with a low sociodemographic index, all age-standardized burden rates decreased between 1990 and 2021: the incidence by 28.8% (95% UI, 25.7%-31.6%), prevalence by 16.1% (95% UI, 14.8%-17.7%), mortality by 56.1% (95% UI, 40.7%-64.3%), and DALY rate by 54.6% (95% UI, 42.8%-61.9%). Of 300 diseases, SAH ranked as the 36th most common cause of death and 59th most common cause of DALY in the world. Of all worldwide SAH-related DALYs, 71.6% (95% UI, 63.8%-78.6%) were associated with the 14 modeled risk factors of which high systolic blood pressure (population attributable fraction [PAF] = 51.6%; 95% UI, 38.0%-62.6%) and smoking (PAF = 14.4%; 95% UI, 12.4%-16.5%) had the highest attribution. Conclusions and Relevance Although the global age-standardized burden rates of SAH more than halved over the last 3 decades, SAH remained one of the most common cardiovascular and neurological causes of death and disabilities in the world, with increasing absolute case numbers. These findings suggest evidence for the potential health benefits of proactive public health planning and resource allocation toward the prevention of SAH.

Objective: Cervical artery dissection (CeAD) was previously thought to be more common in men, but recent epidemiology studies show a disproportionate increase in the incidence of CeAD in women. In addition to sex-based differences in clinical presentation, there are unique biological risk factors for CeAD in women. Identifying risk factors for ischemic stroke in CeAD is crucial in individualizing treatment options. Herein, we utilized an inpatient cohort to investigate whether noncancerous gynecologic conditions or pregnancy are risk factors for ischemic stroke in CeAD. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample was queried from 2016 to 2020 for patients diagnosed with CeAD using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, correction of the mean codes. Diagnoses of pregnancy/puerperium and noncancerous gynecologic conditions were identified. Among CeAD admissions, acute ischemic stroke (AIS) was also identified. Hierarchical, multivariable regression, adjusted for patient demographics and medical comorbidities, was conducted to assess factors associated with AIS. Results: A total of 34,925 women with CeAD were identified. Of these women, 2.1% were pregnant or up to six weeks postpartum, 1.3% had a noncancerous gynecologic condition, and 0.09% had both active pregnancy/puerperium and a noncancerous gynecologic condition. Noncancerous gynecologic conditions (odds ratio = 1.86, P = 0.012) were found to be an independent risk factor for AIS in CeAD but not active pregnancy/puerperium (odds ratio = 0.84, P = 0.34). Conclusion: In this national inpatient sample of female patients with CeAD, the presence of noncancerous gynecologic conditions is associated with an increased risk of AIS. Further studies are needed to validate this observation and help guide the best antithrombotic treatment decisions in this patient population.

Objective: Most cervical artery dissection (CeAD) cases are spontaneous or due to minor traumas, and preceding viral infections have been suggested to be a triggering event for CeAD in some. Herein, we analyze the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hospitalized patients with CeAD using a national database. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample was queried from April 2020 to December 2020 for patients with a diagnosis of CeAD using International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition-Clinical Modification codes. Among these, patients with COVID-19 were identified. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to assess the patient profile of those with COVID-19, in-patient mortality, and home discharge among patients with CeAD. Results: There were 360 (2.32%) hospitalizations involving COVID-19 among 15,500 with CeAD. Concomitant acute ischemic stroke constituted 43.06% of those with a COVID-19 diagnosis, whereas it was 43.73% among those without a COVID-19 diagnosis (P = 0.902). Home discharges were less common in patients with COVID-19 and CeAD compared to CeAD alone (34.85% vs. 48.63%; P = 0.03), but this was likely due to other factors as multivariate regression analysis did not show an association between COVID-19 and home discharges (odds ratio: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.39 to 1.25; P = 0.22). COVID-19 diagnosis had similar odds of inpatient mortality (odds ratio: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.43 to 2.84; P = 0.84). Conclusion: The prevalence of COVID-19 among hospitalized patients with CeAD is low with 2.32% of all CeAD cases. Concomitant COVID infection did not lead to an increased risk of stroke in CeAD. However, potentially worse functional outcomes (fewer home discharges) without an increase in mortality were seen in patients with COVID and CeAD.

Background Recent guidelines have emphasized the use of medical management, early diagnosis, and a multidisciplinary team to effectively treat patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Previous literature briefly highlighted the current racial disparities in its intervention. Herein, we analyze the trend over a 14‐year time period to investigate whether the disparities gap in CLI management is closing. Methods and Results The National Inpatient Sample was queried between 2005 and 2018 for hospitalizations involving CLI. Nontraumatic amputations and revascularization were identified. Utilization trends of these procedures were compared between races (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian and Pacific Islander, Native American, and Other). Multivariable regression assessed differences in race regarding procedure usage. There were 6 904 562 admissions involving CLI in the 14‐year study period. The rate of admissions in White patients who received any revascularization decreased by 0.23% ( P <0.001) and decreased by 0.25% ( P =0.025) for Asian and Pacific Islander patients. Among all patients, the annual rate of admission in White patients who received any amputation increased by 0.21% ( P <0.001), increased by 0.19% ( P =0.001) for Hispanic patients, and increased by 0.19% ( P =0.012) for the Other race patients. Admissions involving Black, Hispanic, Asian and Pacific Islander, or Other race patients had higher odds of receiving any revascularization compared with White patients. All races had higher odds of receiving major amputation compared with White patients. Conclusions Our analysis highlights disparities in CLI treatment in our nationally representative sample. Non‐White patients are more likely to receive invasive treatments, including major amputations and revascularization for CLI, compared with White patients.

Background and purpose Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is usually treated with systemic anticoagulation, but mechanical thrombectomy (MT) and local infusion of a thrombolytic agent have been proposed as an alternative therapy. In this study, we analyze National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to determine the trends of MT including discharge other than home (DOTH) and mortality. Material and methods Healthcare Utilization Program-NIS (HCUP-NIS) was queried between 2005 and 2018 for CVT and MT. Cochran–Armitage test was conducted to assess linear trend of proportion of utilization and DOTH of MT. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to assess odds of undergoing MT among CVT admissions, odds of in-hospital mortality, and DOTH for all admissions involving MT for CVT. Results A total of 1331 (1.56%) admissions involved MT out of 85,370 CVT cases. Utilization of MT had an upward trend of 0.13% ( p < 0.001) per year. Trend in proportion of incidence of DOTH among MT admission remained stationary (trend: 0.70%; p = 0.417). Patients with cerebral edema (odds ratio [OR]: 4.34; p < 0.001) or hematological disorders (OR: 2.28; p < 0.001) were more likely to receive MT for CVT. Additionally, patients with coma (OR: 3.17; p = 0.023) or cerebral edema (OR: 4.40; p = 0.001) had higher odds of mortality. Conclusion There was an increasing trend of utilization of MT. Proportions of DOTH among MT procedures, however, remained stable. Patients with greater risk factors, including hematological disorders and cerebral edema, were more likely to undergo MT. Among patients treated with MT, those with coma or cerebral edema were more likely to die.

Abstract Introduction: Extracranial vertebral artery aneurysms are rare complications from trauma and multiple diseases. However, the difference between clinical and surgical profiles is not well understood. Objective To investigate the clinical and interventional outcomes following extracranial vertebral artery aneurysms (VAA) treatment through a systematic review of the literature to date. Methods An electronic database search for full-text English articles was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The search yielded results on clinical and surgical outcomes for extracranial VAAs. These results included patient-specific risk factors, indications, and techniques. Results Our literature search yielded 561 articles, of which 36 studies were qualified to be included in the analysis. A total of 55 patients with multiple various extracranial VAA incidents were included. The mean age of subjects was 42 years (ranging from 13 to 76 years), and most patients were males (71%, n = 39). Blunt trauma was the most frequent risk factor for extracranial VAA formation (35%, n = 19). The majority of aneurysms (60%) were dissecting in nature. The most common form of treatment for extracranial VAAs was a flow diverter (24%, n = 13). Overall, five (9%) patients had long-term adverse neurological complications following intervention with 5% (n = 3) mortality, 2% (n = 1) resulting in unilateral vocal cord paralysis, and 2% (n = 1) resulting in a positive Romberg sign. The mortality rate is 15.7% in the surgical group, whereas the endovascular treatment did not result in any mortality. Conclusion The endovascular approach is a safe and effective treatment of extracranial VAAs due to its relatively low overall complication rate and lack of resulting mortality. This contrasts with the surgical approach, which results in a higher rate of complications, recurrence, and mortality outcomes. An understanding of the factors and clinical outcomes associated with the incidence of extracranial VAAs is essential for the future improvement of patient outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Changes in reimbursement policies have been demonstrated to correlate with clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To investigate trends in physician reimbursement for anterior, posterior, and combined anterior/posterior (AP) lumbar arthrodesis and relative utilization of AP. METHODS: We queried the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project registry for anterior, posterior, and AP lumbar arthrodeses during 2010 and 2020. Work relative value units per operative hour (wRVUs/h) were calculated for each procedure. Trends in reimbursement and utilization of the AP approach were assessed with linear regression. Subgroup analyses of age and underlying pathology of AP arthrodesis were also performed. RESULTS: During 2010 and 2020, AP arthrodesis was associated with significantly higher average wRVUs/h compared with anterior and posterior arthrodesis (AP = 17.4, anterior = 12.4, posterior = 14.5). The AP approach had a significant yearly increase in wRVUs/h (coefficient = 0.48, P = .042), contrary to anterior (coefficient = −0.01, P = .308) and posterior (coefficient = −0.13, P = .006) approaches. Utilization of AP approaches over all arthrodeses increased from 7.5% in 2010 to 15.3% in 2020 (yearly average increase 0.79%, P < .001). AP fusions increased significantly among both degenerative and deformity cases (coefficients 0.88 and 1.43, respectively). The mean age of patients undergoing AP arthrodesis increased by almost 10 years from 2010 to 2020. Rates of major 30-day complications were 2.7%, 3.1%, and 3.5% for AP, anterior, and posterior arthrodesis, respectively. CONCLUSION: AP lumbar arthrodesis was associated with higher and increasing reimbursement (wRVUs/h) during the period 2010 to 2020. Reimbursement for anterior arthrodesis was relatively stable, while reimbursement for posterior arthrodesis decreased. The utilization of the combined AP approach relative to the other approaches increased significantly during the period of interest.