Citations 2
Burden of Central Nervous System Cancer in the United States, 1990-2021
Collaborators, GBD 2021 US CNS Cancer, Han, Hyun Jin , Kim, Yun Seo , Park, Seoyeon , Shin, Jae Il , Kim, Min Seo , Areda, Demelash, Tork, Mohammad Amin Bayat , Bilgin, Gokce Belge , Chennapragada, Suma Sri , Dean, Frances , Deekonda, Sindhura, Ding, Xueting, E’mar, Abdel Rahman, Elhadi, Muhammed, Fazeli, Patrick , Fisher, James L. , Fotouhi, Maryam , Gholamrezanezhad, Ali , Ida, Fidelia , Jani, Chinmay , Kalani, Rizwan , Kazemi, Foad , Keshwani, Ariz, Khosla, Atulya Aman , Lim, Stephen S , Murray, Christopher J L , Naik, Gurudatta , Nguyen, Dang Tuan , Penberthy, Louise, Pestell, Richard G. , Prabhu, Disha , Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran, Sabet, Cameron John, Şenol, Yiğit Can , Sham, Sunder, Solanki, Ranjan , Tanwar, Manoj , Amirikah, Mike Tuffour, Verma, Anjul, Yon, Dong Keon, Yon, Dong Keon , Shin, Jae I L , Senol, Yigit Can , Collaborators, GBD 2021 US CNS Cancer, Moon, Ju Hyung , Kim, Yong Bae , Ababneh, Hazim , Abu‐Zaid, Ahmed , Arul, Santhosh , Azzam, Ahmed Y , Bardhan, Mainak , Behnam, Babak , Bhardwaj, Prarthna V , Bhuyan, Soumitra Sudip , Lomer, Nima Broomand , Chen, Mengxuan , Dai, Xiaochen , Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai , Fares, Jawad , Iwu, Chidozie Declan , Jalloh, Mohamed, Kankam, Samuel Berchi , Mehboob, Riffat , Meštrović, Tomislav , Mokdad, Ali H. , Natto, Zuhair S. , Nguyen, Dang, Nugen, Fred , Orscelik, Atakan , Parikh, Romil R , Puvvula, Jagadeesh , Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran, Sabet, Cameron John , Schumacher, Austin E , Sherchan, Samendra , Simegn, Gizeaddis Lamesgin , Singh, Jasvinder A. , Srichawla, Bahadar Singh , Taiba, Jabeen , Yunusa, Ismaeel , Zheng, David X. , Park, Keun Young
JAMA Neurology | November 3, 2025 | Volume: 83 | Issue: 1 | Pages: 35
Importance Primary brain and central nervous system cancer (collectively referred to as CNS cancer) comprises 2% of all human cancers and poses significant health and economic challenges in the United States. Objective To analyze CNS cancer burden in the US, stratified by time, location (state and division), sex, age group, and Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study involved a repeated analysis of Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 data in 2024. Using data from 183 sources, CNS cancer metrics in the US were estimated across states and years. US CNS cancer metrics across all sexes and age groups were included in the GBD. Exposure CNS cancer diagnosis. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall and age-standardized estimates of the incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), years of life lost, and years lived with disability per 100 000 population, including 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), and time trends. Results In 2021, for all age groups and sexes across the US, there were 31 780 incident cases (95% UI, 29971.1 to 32843.9). Age-standardized incidence, DALYs, and mortality rates per 100 000 population were 6.91 (95% UI, 6.58 to 7.12), 134.38 (95% UI, 129.83 to 137.95), and 4.1 (95% UI, 3.87 to 4.22), respectively. Despite no significant change observed in the overall incidence between 1990 and 2021, DALY and mortality rates decreased by 15.77% (95% UI, −17.75% to −13.68%) and 8.41% (95% UI, −11.09% to −6.22%), respectively. Substantial geographic variability was noted. Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, and Kansas (West North Central and East South Central divisions) and West Virginia faced persistently high burdens over the past 30 years. Sex differences were evident; disease burden was consistently higher in males compared with females. Age-specific estimates showed a bimodal distribution: the youngest group (<5 years) showed a significant decrease in incidence rate (−34.42% to −11.56%), whereas older age groups (>70 years) experienced increasing trends. DALYs and mortality rates were negatively correlated with SDI (ρ = −0.6860 and ρ = −0.6391; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance These findings provide valuable insights into the CNS cancer burden across the US by age, sex, location, and SDI, enabling better public health status assessments, health care policy restructuring, and resource redistribution for improved care.
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Collaborators, GBD 2021 Global Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Risk Factors, Rautalin, Ilari, Stark, Benjamin, Johnson, Catherine O., Kaprio, Jaakko , Korja, Miikka, Krishnamurthi, Rita , Nair, Balakrishnan , Vergouwen, Mervyn D. I. , Abdelkader, Atef , Abdullahi, Auwal , Abualruz, Hasan , Abukhadijah, Hana J , Adamu, Lawan Hassan, Adegboye, Oyelola A. , Adzigbli, Leticia Akua, Agyemang‐Duah, Williams , Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Aqeel , Ahmad, Danish , Ahmadzade, Amir Mahmoud , Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed , Ali, Mohammed Usman, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad , Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alsabri, Mohammed , Altaf, Awais , Alvis‐Guzmán, Nelson , Alwafi, Hassan , Al‐Wardat, Mohammad , Alyahya, Mohammad S. , Amin, Tarek Tawfik , Amindarolzarbi, Alireza , Amusa, Ganiyu , Angappan, Dhanalakshmi , Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen, Anwar, Saleha, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward , Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace, Areda, Demelash, Artamonov, Anton A, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi , Ashemo, Mubarek Yesse , Athar, Mohammad , Aujayeb, Avinash , Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu , Azadnajafabad, Sina , Aziz, Shahkaar , Bagheri, Nasser , Taqanaki, Pegah Bahrami , Bahramian, Saeed , Bai, Ruhai , Baig, Atif Amin , Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin , Bam, Kiran, Barker‐Collo, Suzanne , Bärnighausen, Till , Bastan, Mohammad‐Mahdi , Basu, Sanjay , Bell, Shelly L, Benseñor, Isabela M , Berhie, Alemshet Yirga , Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth , Bhaskar, Sonu , Bhat, Ajay Nagesh, Bhat, Vivek , Birhan, Mekuriaw Mesfin , Borhany, Hamed, Breitner, Susanne , Bulamu, Norma B. , Butt, Zahid A , Cabral, Lucas Scotta , Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos , Cámera, Luis Alberto , Capodici, Angelo , Chadwick, Joshua , Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo , Chanie, Gashaw Sisay , Chattu, Vijay Kumar , Chi, Gerald, Chichagi, Fatemeh , Columbus, Alyssa , Criqui, Michael H, Ohadi, Mohammad Amin Dabbagh , Dadras, Omid , Dalli, Lachlan L. , Debopadhaya, Shayom , Dervišević, Emina , Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan, Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman , Dhane, Amol S. , Chi, Thanh, Phuong, Thao Huynh, Dohare, Sushil , Докова, Клара , Dowou, Robert Kokou , Dsouza, Haneil Larson , Dutta, Siddhartha , Dziedzic, Arkadiusz , E’mar, Abdel Rahman, Edvardsson, David , Efendi, Ferry, Nahas, Nevine El , Elgendy, Islam Y. , Eltaha, Chadi, Emeto, Theophilus I. , Fakhradiyev, Ildar , Faris, Pawan , Fauk, Nelsensius Klau , Fazylov, Timur, Fekadu, Ginenus , Fetensa, Getahun, Fischer, Florian, Foschi, Matteo , Fridayani, Ni Kadek Yuni, Gaipov, Abduzhappar , Gajjar, Avi A. , Ganesan, Balasankar , Gebregergis, Miglas Welay, Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru , Getie, Molla , Ghadirian, Fataneh , Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh , Gholamalizadeh, Maryam , Gil, Artyom , Goleij, Pouya , Goulart, Alessandra C. , Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de , Guan, Shi‐Yang , Gupta, Sapna , Habibzadeh, Farrokh , Hadi, Najah R, Hankey, Graeme J. , Harlianto, Netanja I. , Hasani, Hamidreza, Hasnain, Md Saquib , Haubold, Johannes , Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I , Hbid, Youssef , Heidari, Golnaz , Hiraike, Yuta, Hoan, Nguyen Quoc , Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi , Hwang, Bing‐Fang , Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel , Ikiroma, Adalia , Isola, Gaetano , Iwagami, Masao , Jacob, Louis, Jain, Akhil, Jakovljević, Mihajlo , Jatau, Abubakar Ibrahim , Jawaid, Talha, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar , Jonas, Jost B, Joseph, Nitin , Jürisson, Mikk , Kadashetti, Vidya, Kalani, Rizwan, Kamireddy, Arun , Kandel, Himal , Behnagh, Arman Karimi , Kashoo, Faizan , Kayode, Gbenga A , Kazemi, Foad , Khader, Yousef , Khaing, Inn Kynn , Khan, Fayaz Ahmad , Khan, Mohammad Jobair , Kashani, Hamid Reza Khayat , Khosla, Atulya Aman , Kim, Kwanghyun , Kim, Yun Jin , Korzh, Oleksii , Krishan, Kewal , Krishna, Varun, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay , Kuddus, Mohammed , Kulimbet, Mukhtar , Lahariya, Chandrakant, Lai, Daphne Teck Ching , Lai, Hanpeng , Laksono, Tri, Lallukka, Tea , Latifinaibin, Kaveh, Le, Nhi Huu Hanh, Le, Thao T. , Lee, Munjae , Lee, Yo Han , Lenzi, Jacopo , Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Ming‐Chieh , Li, Xiaopan , Lim, Stephen S , Lin, Jialing , Saute, Ricardo Lutzky , Malik, Ahmad Azam , Marateb, Hamid Reza , Maroufi, Seyed Farzad , Maugeri, Andrea , McPhail, Steven , Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Mettananda, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege , Miazgowski, Tomasz , Minervini, Giuseppe , Mithra, Prasanna , Mohamed, Abdalla Z. , Mohammad, Ameen Mosa , Mohammed, Shafiu , Moni, Mohammad Ali , Moradi, Yousef, Moraga, Paula , Morawska, Lídia , Munjal, Kavita , Murray, Christopher J L , Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman , Naik, Ganesh R. , Najdaghi, Soroush , Davani, Delaram Narimani , DELETE-ME, Nawsherwan, Nazri-Panjaki, Athare , Negoi, Ruxandra Irina , Nematollahi, Soroush , Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien, Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien, Nguyen, Phat Tuan , Nguyễn, Văn Thành , Niazi, Robina Khan, Nikoobar, Ali , Sá, Antonio Tolentino Nogueira de , Nomura, Shuhei , Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe , Oancea, Bogdan , Ojo-Akosile, Tolulope R, Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes de , Olorukooba, Abdulhakeem Abayomi , Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi , Ouyahia, Amel, A, Mahesh Padukudru P, Panagiotakos, Demosthenes B. , Parikh, Romil R., Park, Seoyeon , Pedersini, Paolo , Peprah, Emmanuel , Perico, Norberto, Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily, Plotnikov, Evgenii , Полибин, Р. В. , Postma, Maarten J. , Prasad, Manya , Qian, Gangzhen , Rahmanian, Mohammad , Rajaa, Sathish , Rajput, Prashant , Ramadan, Mahmoud M. , Rane, Amey, Rashidi, Mohammad‐Mahdi , Razo, Christian , Reddy, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rezaei, Negar , Rezaeian, Mohsen , Rocha, Hermano Alexandre Lima , Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia, Roever, Leonardo , Romoli, Michele, Romozzi, Marina, Roy, Nitai , Saddik, Basema Ahmad, Sahoo, Pragyan Monalisa , Salaroli, Luciane Bresciani , Samuel, Vijaya Paul, Samy, Abdallah M , Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Saravanan, Aswini, Schlaich, Markus P. , Sethi, Yashendra , Seylani, Allen, Shaaban, Ahmed Nabil , Shafie, Mahan , Shaikh, Summaiya Zareen , Shamsutdinova, Alfiya, Sharifan, Amin , Rad, Javad Sharifi, Sharma, Vishal, Shashamo, Bereket Beyene , Shetty, Premalatha K, Shigematsu, Mika, Shorofi, Seyed Afshin, Singh, Paramdeep , Singh, Puneetpal , Singh, Surjit , Sobia, Farrukh , Solanki, Shipra, Soraneh, Soroush , Spartalis, Michael, Srinivasamurthy, Suresh Kumar , Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon , Sun, Zhong , Swain, Chandan Kumar , Damavandi, Payam Tabaee , Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir, Tabche, Celine , Taiba, Jabeen , Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze , Tan, Ker‐Kan , Teramoto, Masayuki , Thakur, Ramna, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman , Thayakaran, Rasiah , Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera, Tiwari, Krishna Raj , Tonelli, Marcello , Topór-Mądry, Roman , Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto, Tran, Jasmine, Tran, Thang Huu , Duc, Nguyen Tran Minh , Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Unim, Brigid, Vahdati, Sanaz, Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj , Eynde, Jef Van den , Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch , Waheed, Yasir, Wahood, Waseem , Walde, Mandaras Tariku, Wang, Yanzhong , Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana , Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wubie, Yihun Miskir, Xiao, Hong , Xu, Xiaoyue , Yano, Yuichiro , Yarahmadi, Amir , Ye, Pengpeng, Yon, Dong Keon , Zanghì, Aurora , Zare, Iman, Zastrozhin, Michael, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang , Zhang, Zhiqiang , Zhang, Zhiqiang, Zhao, Hanqing , Zhou, Shang Cheng, Zhumagaliuly, Abzal , Zia, Hafsa, Roth, Gregory A., Topór‐Mądry, Roman , Oliveira, Arão Belitardo , Rahim, Fakher , Saddik, Basema , Waheed, Yasir , Liu, Xuefeng , Zhang, Yunquan , Ozair, Ahmad , Buendía, Jefferson Antonio , Korja, Miikka , Baig, Atif Amin , Shanawaz, Mohd , Elgendy, Islam Y , Hankey, Graeme J , Alif, Sheikh M , Rezaei, Negar , Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth , Van den Eynde, Jef , Ozair, Ahmad , Collaborators, GBD 2021 Global Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Risk Factors, Rautalin, Ilari Matias , Volovici, Victor , Ranta, Annemarei , Rinkel, Gabriël J.E. , Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis, Abbastabar, Hedayat , Abd-Allah, Foad , Abdi, Parsa , Abdollahi, Arash , Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola , Aboagye, Richard Gyan , Abouzid, Mohamed , Abtahi, Dariush , Abu‐Rumeileh, Samir , Abualhasan, Ahmed , Abu‐Zaid, Ahmed , Addo, Isaac Yeboah , Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji , Adra, Saryia , Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku , Ahmed, Ali , Ahmed, Haroon , Ahmed, Syed Anees , Aji, Budi , Al‐Ajlouni, Yazan A. , Al‐Aly, Ziyad , ALBashtawy, Mohammed , Aljunid, Syed Mohamed , Alomari, Mahmoud A. , Alrawashdeh, Ahmad , Alsabri, Mohammed A., Salman, Rustam Al‐Shahi , Al‐Tammemi, Ala’a B. , Al‐Worafi, Yaser Mohammed , Aly, Hany Z. , Alzoubi, Karem Hasan , Amani, Reza, Anderlini, Deanna , Anil, Abhishek , Arabloo, Jalal , Ärnlöv, Johan , Arumugam, Ashokan , Aryan, Zahra , Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asghari , Ashraf, Tahira , Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin , Azzam, Ahmed Y , Babu, Giridhara R. , Bako, Abdulaziz Tijjani , Banach, Maciej , Bandyopadhyay, Soham , Banik, Biswajit , Bardhan, Mainak , Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat , Barua, Lingkan , Beyene, Kebede Abera , Bhat, Vivek, Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur , Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh , Bijani, Ali , Bikbov, Boris , Birhanu, Mulugeta Molla , Bitra, Veera Raghavulu , Boloor, Archith , Brenner, Hermann , Bugiardini, Raffaele , Călina, Daniela Cornelia , Campos, Luciana Aparecida , Campos‐Nonato, Ismael , Carvalho, Félix , Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A , Catapano, Alberico Luigi , Cegolon, Luca , Chakraborty, Chiranjib , Chakraborty, Sandip , Chandika, Rama Mohan , Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad , Chi, Gerald , Ching, Patrick R , Chopra, Hitesh , Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan , Chowdhury, E. , Chu, Dinh‐Toi , Chung, Sheng‐Chia , Silva, Alanna Gomes da , Dai, Xiaochen , Dalal, Koustuv , D’Amico, Emanuele , Dashti, Mohsen , Davletov, Kairat , Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa Vianey De la , Delgado‐Enciso, Iván , Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan, Dibas, Mahmoud , Doheim, Mohamed Fahmy , Dongarwar, Deepa , D’Oria, Mario , Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai , Doshi, Rajkumar , Efendi, Defi , Efendi, Ferry , Elhadi, Muhammed , Eltahir, Mohd. Elmagzoub , Fabin, Natalia , Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis , Fahim, Ayesha , Fares, Jawad , Ferreira, Nuno Bravo , Gandhi, Aravind P. , Garg, Ravindra Kumar , Gebrehiwot, Mesfin , Ghadimi, Delaram J. , Ghahramani, Sulmaz , Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed , Ghozy, Sherief , Gilani, Jaleed Ahmed , Gnedovskaya, Elena V. , Hadei, Mostafa , Hamidi, Samer , Hanifi, Nasrin , Haro, Josep María , Hasan, Faizul , Tabatabaei, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh , Heidari, Mohammad , Hemmati, Mehdi , Holla, Ramesh , Hostiuc, Sorin , Huang, Junjie , Huynh, Hong-Han , Ikeda, Nayu , Ilaghi, Mehran , Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen , Ilić, Irena , Ilić, Milena , Islam, Md. Rabiul , Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah , Iso, Hiroyasu , Jafarzadeh, Abdollah , Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman , Kalani, Rizwan, Kamal, Vineet Kumar , Kanchan, Tanuj , Karami, Jafar , Karaye, Ibraheem M. , Karimi, Yeganeh , Kesse‐Guyot, Emmanuelle , Khan, Fayaz, Khatatbeh, Haitham , Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad , Kheirallah, Khalid Ahmed , Khidri, Feriha Fatima , Khormali, Moein , Kısa, Adnan , Kısa, Sezer , Kivimäki, Mika , Kolahi, Ali‐Asghar , Kompani, Farzad , Kostev, Karel , Kothari, Nikhil , Kunutsor, Setor K. , Kurniasari, Maria Dyah , Kusuma, Dian Palupi , Kytö, Ville , Vecchia, Carlo La , Lahariya, Chandrakant , Latief, Kamaluddin , Lee, Seung Won , Lee, Wei‐Chen , Leonardi, Matilde, Liu, Xuefeng , Lohner, Valerie , Lorenzovici, László , Lotufo, Paulo A. , Lucchetti, Giancarlo , Lusk, Jay B. , Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim M. , Malhotra, Armaan Kush , Malhotra, Kashish , Malta, Déborah Carvalho , Mansournia, Mohammad Alì , Mantovani, LG , Manu, Emmanuel, Marino, Mirko , Martínez, Ramón , Martini, Santi , Martorell, Miquel , Marzo, Roy Rillera , Mathangasinghe, Yasith , Mathews, Elezebeth , Mehmood, Asim , Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran , Menezes, Ritesh G. , Meo, Sultan A , Meretoja, Atte , Meštrović, Tomislav , Sá, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de , Minh, Le Huu Nhat , Mirică, Andreea , Мirrakhimov, Erkin М , Mirza‐Aghazadeh‐Attari, Mohammad , Mishra, Ajay Kumar , Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail , Mohammadi, Soheil , Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah , Mokdad, Ali H. , Molinaro, Sabrina , Momani, Shaher , Ghalibaf, AmirAli Moodi , Moradi, Maryam , Msherghi, Ahmed A.A. , Ansari, Noureddin Nakhostin , Nargus, Shumaila , Natto, Zuhair S. , Nauman, Javaid , DELETE-ME, Nawsherwan, Nayak, Vinod C , Newton, Charles R. , Nigatu, Yeshambel T. , Noubiap, Jean Jacques , Nugen, Fred , Oduro, Michael Safo , Okati‐Aliabad, Hassan , Okeke, Sylvester Reuben , Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul , Olagunju, Andrew T , Olaiya, Muideen Tunbosun , Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa , Ornello, Raffaele , Ortiz‐Prado, Esteban , Ouyahia, Amel , Owolabi, Mayowa , Padrón‐Monedero, Alicia , Padubidri, Jagadish Rao , Panos, Leonidas D , Pantazopoulos, Ioannis N. , Parikh, Romil R., Patel, Jay , Patel, Urvish , Patoulias, Dimitrios , Pereira, Gavin F , Perianayagam, Arokiasamy , Perna, Simone , Petermann‐Rocha, Fanny , Philip, Anil K. , Пирадов, М. А. , Pradhan, Jalandhar , Puvvula, Jagadeesh , Qasim, Nameer Hashim , Raggi, Alberto , Rahimi‐Movaghar, Vafa , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Rahmani, Amir Masoud , Sanati, Ali Rajabpour , Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran , Ramazanu, Sheena , Rathish, Devarajan , Rawaf, Salman , Redwan, Elrashdy M , Remuzzi, Giuseppe , Romoli, Michele, Romozzi, Marina , Ross, Allen Guy , Rout, Himanshu Sekhar , Roy, Priyanka , Saad, Aly M A , Saadatian, Zahra , Sabour, Siamak , Sacco, Simona , Sadeghi, Erfan , Saeed, Usman, Sharif‐Askari, Fatemeh Saheb , Sahebkar, Amirhossein , Sajib, Md Refat Uz Zaman , Saleh, Mohamed A. , Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo , MİLİCEVİC, Milena Santric, Saravanan, Aswini , Sarkar, Tanmay, Sarode, Sachin Chakradhar , Sartorius, Benn , Satpathy, Maheswar , Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola , Schuermans, Art , Selvaraj, Siddharthan , Senthilkumaran, Subramanian , Sepanlou, Sadaf Ghajarieh , Shahwan, Moyad Jamal , Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib , Shamsi, Anas , Shannawaz, Mohammed , Rad, Javad Sharifi, Sharma, Vishal , Shittu, Aminu , Shiue, Ivy , Shlobin, Nathan A. , Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar , Spartalis, Michael , Stanaway, Jeffrey D , Starodubova, Antonina Vladimirovna , Szarpak, Łukasz , Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed‐Amir , Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir, Talaat, Iman Mamdouh , Temsah, Mohamad‐Hani , Thakur, Ramna , Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Tiwari, Krishna, Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai , Tsai, Daniel Hsiang‐Te , Ullah, Atta , Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran , Unsworth, Carolyn Anne, Usman, Jibrin Sammani , Valizadeh, Rohollah , Varghese, Joe , Vasankari, Tommi Juhani , Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy , Vervoort, Dominique , Villafañe, Jorge Hugo , Vinayak, Manish , Wafa, Hatem A , Walde, Mandaras Tariku, Willeit, Peter , Wolfe, Charles D.A. , Wolfe, Charles D. A., Yamagishi, Kazumasa , Yaribeygi, Habib , Yaya, Sanni , Ye, Pengpeng, Yonemoto, Naohiro , Yu, Chuanhua , Zastrozhin, Michael, Zhang, Chen , Zhang, Zhiqiang, Zielińska, Magdalena , Zyoud, Samer H. , Roth, Gregory A. , Feigin, Valery L. , Kulimbet, Mukhtar , Rahim, Fakher
JAMA Neurology | May 23, 2025 | Volume: 82 | Issue: 8 | Pages: 765
Importance Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents the third most common stroke type with unique etiologies, risk factors, diagnostics, and treatments. Nevertheless, epidemiological studies often cluster SAH with other stroke types leaving its distinct burden estimates obscure. Objective To estimate the worldwide burden of SAH. Design, Setting, and Participants Based on the repeated cross-sectional Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, the global burden of SAH in 1990 to 2021 was estimated. Moreover, the SAH burden was compared with other diseases, and its associations with 14 individual risk factors were investigated with available data in the GBD 2021 study. The GBD study included the burden estimates of nontraumatic SAH among all ages in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2021. Exposures SAH and 14 modifiable risk factors. Main Outcomes and Measures Absolute numbers and age-standardized rates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) of SAH incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as well as risk factor–specific population attributable fractions (PAFs). Results In 2021, the global age-standardized SAH incidence was 8.3 (95% UI, 7.3-9.5), prevalence was 92.2 (95% UI, 84.1-100.6), mortality was 4.2 (95% UI, 3.7-4.8), and DALY rate was 125.2 (95% UI, 110.5-142.6) per 100 000 people. The highest burden estimates were found in Latin America, the Caribbean, Oceania, and high-income Asia Pacific. Although the absolute number of SAH cases increased, especially in regions with a low sociodemographic index, all age-standardized burden rates decreased between 1990 and 2021: the incidence by 28.8% (95% UI, 25.7%-31.6%), prevalence by 16.1% (95% UI, 14.8%-17.7%), mortality by 56.1% (95% UI, 40.7%-64.3%), and DALY rate by 54.6% (95% UI, 42.8%-61.9%). Of 300 diseases, SAH ranked as the 36th most common cause of death and 59th most common cause of DALY in the world. Of all worldwide SAH-related DALYs, 71.6% (95% UI, 63.8%-78.6%) were associated with the 14 modeled risk factors of which high systolic blood pressure (population attributable fraction [PAF] = 51.6%; 95% UI, 38.0%-62.6%) and smoking (PAF = 14.4%; 95% UI, 12.4%-16.5%) had the highest attribution. Conclusions and Relevance Although the global age-standardized burden rates of SAH more than halved over the last 3 decades, SAH remained one of the most common cardiovascular and neurological causes of death and disabilities in the world, with increasing absolute case numbers. These findings suggest evidence for the potential health benefits of proactive public health planning and resource allocation toward the prevention of SAH.