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Prosthetic heart valve (PHV) dysfunction is increasingly seen due to the increase in the number of PHV that are being implanted worldwide. Cardiac CT imaging has emerged as a valuable tool to assess PHVs and determine the cause of dysfunction. This consensus document first summarizes the available techniques for PHV assessment. Then the use of CT in PHV (dys)function assessment is discussed in detail including consensus statements for correct indications and patient selection for CT assessment of PHVs, image acquisition, reconstruction and measurement protocols and how to interpret and report the CT findings for specific types of PHV dysfunction. This article was published in Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Budde RPJ et al, Cardiac computed tomography for prosthetic heart valve assessment: An expert consensus document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR), the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging (NASCI), the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions (SCAI), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). The articles are identical except for minor stylistic and spelling differences in keeping with each journal’s style. Either citation may be used when referencing this document. © 2025 Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ). Keywords: Computed Tomography, Valve, Cardiac, Imaging, Dysfunction, Prosthetic

Abstract Background The MITRAL Trial (Mitral Implantation of TRAnscatheter vaLves) evaluates the safety and feasibility of balloon-expandable aortic transcatheter heart valves in patients with severe mitral valve disease with mitral annular calcification (MAC), failed surgical rings or failed bioprostheses. Purpose We sought to evaluate 4-year outcomes of patients enrolled in the MITRAL trial. Methods This is a prospective study that enrolled 91 high surgical risk patients at 13 sites in the U.S. 30 patients underwent Mitral Valve-in-Valve (MViV), 30 Valve-in-Ring (MViR) and 31 Valve-in-MAC (ViMAC). 4-year outcomes of these patients were evaluated in this analysis. Primary endpoints and key serious adverse events including deaths were adjudicated by an independent Clinical Events Committee. Cardiac computed tomography (CT) and echocardiographic images were evaluated by independent CT and Echocardiographic Core Laboratories. Results Mean age was 74.3±8.9 years. Most patients undergoing MViV and ViMAC were female (MVIV=63.3%, MViR=36.7% and ViMAC=71%). Mean STS score was 9.2±6.6% (MViV 10.2±6.5%, MViR 8.7±4.7%, ViMAC=8.6±8.2%). All-cause mortality at 4 years was higher for ViMAC and MViR: MViV=6.9% (cardiovascular 3.4%), MViR=48.1% (cardiovascular 18.5%), ViMAC=51.9% (cardiovascular 29.6%), p=0.002 (Figure 1). At 4 years, all survivors had ≤1+ mitral regurgitation and most had none or trace mitral regurgitation (MViV=87.5, MViR=33.3% and ViMAC=100%). Mean mitral valve gradients remained stable (MViV=5.9±2.2 mmHg, MViR= 6.6±5.1 mmHg, ViMAC=5.1±1.0 mmHg), Figure 2. Most survivors experienced significant improvement of symptoms and were in NYHA class I-II at 4-year follow-up (MViV=78.9%, MViR=66.7% and ViMAC=66.7%). Conclusions MViV is associated with excellent outcomes at 4 years. MViR and ViMAC were associated with higher mortality at 4 years. However, most survivors in all groups experienced sustained improvement of symptoms and stable THV performance at 4 years. Whether survival bias had an impact on THV performance and improved symptoms at follow-up is not known and deserves further evaluation. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): Unrestricted Research Grant from Edwards Lifesciences.

Importance In patients with severe aortic valve stenosis at intermediate surgical risk, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with a self-expanding supra-annular valve was noninferior to surgery for all-cause mortality or disabling stroke at 2 years. Comparisons of longer-term clinical and hemodynamic outcomes in these patients are limited. Objective To report prespecified secondary 5-year outcomes from the Symptomatic Aortic Stenosis in Intermediate Risk Subjects Who Need Aortic Valve Replacement (SURTAVI) randomized clinical trial. Design, Setting, and Participants SURTAVI is a prospective randomized, unblinded clinical trial. Randomization was stratified by investigational site and need for revascularization determined by the local heart teams. Patients with severe aortic valve stenosis deemed to be at intermediate risk of 30-day surgical mortality were enrolled at 87 centers from June 19, 2012, to June 30, 2016, in Europe and North America. Analysis took place between August and October 2021. Intervention Patients were randomized to TAVR with a self-expanding, supra-annular transcatheter or a surgical bioprosthesis. Main Outcomes and Measures The prespecified secondary end points of death or disabling stroke and other adverse events and hemodynamic findings at 5 years. An independent clinical event committee adjudicated all serious adverse events and an independent echocardiographic core laboratory evaluated all echocardiograms at 5 years. Results A total of 1660 individuals underwent an attempted TAVR (n = 864) or surgical (n = 796) procedure. The mean (SD) age was 79.8 (6.2) years, 724 (43.6%) were female, and the mean (SD) Society of Thoracic Surgery Predicted Risk of Mortality score was 4.5% (1.6%). At 5 years, the rates of death or disabling stroke were similar (TAVR, 31.3% vs surgery, 30.8%; hazard ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.85-1.22]; P = .85). Transprosthetic gradients remained lower (mean [SD], 8.6 [5.5] mm Hg vs 11.2 [6.0] mm Hg; P < .001) and aortic valve areas were higher (mean [SD], 2.2 [0.7] cm 2 vs 1.8 [0.6] cm 2 ; P < .001) with TAVR vs surgery. More patients had moderate/severe paravalvular leak with TAVR than surgery (11 [3.0%] vs 2 [0.7%]; risk difference, 2.37% [95% CI, 0.17%- 4.85%]; P = .05). New pacemaker implantation rates were higher for TAVR than surgery at 5 years (289 [39.1%] vs 94 [15.1%]; hazard ratio, 3.30 [95% CI, 2.61-4.17]; log-rank P < .001), as were valve reintervention rates (27 [3.5%] vs 11 [1.9%]; hazard ratio, 2.21 [95% CI, 1.10-4.45]; log-rank P = .02), although between 2 and 5 years only 6 patients who underwent TAVR and 7 who underwent surgery required a reintervention. Conclusions and Relevance Among intermediate-risk patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis, major clinical outcomes at 5 years were similar for TAVR and surgery. TAVR was associated with superior hemodynamic valve performance but also with more paravalvular leak and valve reinterventions.

Introduction: Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) using aortic transcatheter heart valves (THV) is developing as an alternative to surgery for patients with severely degenerated mitral valve (MV) bioprostheses. Retrospective self-reported registries have collected outcomes on these TMVR procedures in the STS/ACC Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry and in the Valve-in-Valve International Database. Most reported TMVR procedures for failed surgical bioprostheses have been performed using a transapical access approach. A prospective comprehensive evaluation of mitral Valve-in-Valve (VIV) outcomes, including transseptal access has not previously been conducted. Objectives: To evaluate in-hospital and 30-day clinical outcomes of transseptal mitral VIV with SAPIEN 3 THV in patients with very high surgical risk. Methods: Prospective enrollment of very high surgical risk patients with symptomatic severely degenerated MV surgical bioprostheses in 30 patients at 15 sites in the U.S. Candidates were assessed by a case review committee prior to approval. Baseline qualifying echocardiograms and cardiac CT studies were analyzed by independent core labs. Echocardiograms, cardiac CT studies and neurology evaluations were also performed after mitral VIV procedures. Clinical events were adjudicated by a clinical events committee and safety was monitored by a data safety monitoring board. Results: 26 patients have been enrolled between July 2016 and June 2017. Mean age was 83 years, 62% female, mean STS score was 10% and 62% were in New York Heart Association class III or IV. Transseptal access was used in all procedures. Technical success was achieved in all patients and there was no in-hospital mortality. There was no 30-day cardiovascular mortality and 4% (1 patient) 30-day all-cause mortality (1 patient died of asphyxia on day 29 after choking on pills at home), which was lower than the 30-day mortality in the TVT registry (9%). Detailed procedural, in-hospital and 30-day outcomes will be presented on the complete cohort of 30 patients. Conclusions: In patients without surgical alternatives, transseptal mitral ViV procedures in failed surgical bioprostheses are associated with high technical and procedural success and low 30-day mortality.

Introduction: Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) using aortic transcatheter heart valves (THV) is developing as an alternative to surgery for patients with severe mitral valve disease due to degenerated mitral bioprostheses or failed surgical rings who are poor surgical candidates. Outcomes of off-label procedures in the United States are being collected in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy (STS/ACC TVT) Registry. A comprehensive analysis of mitral Valve-in-Valve (VIV) versus Valve-in-Ring (VIR) outcomes has not previously been performed. Objectives: To evaluate in-hospital and 30-day clinical outcomes of mitral VIV and VIR procedures in the United States. Methods: Retrospective analysis of data from the STS/ACC TVT Registry on patients who underwent mitral VIV or VIR procedures. Results: 587 patients underwent TMVR VIV (n=494) or VIR (n=93) procedures between January 2013 and December 2016 at 144 hospitals. Median age was 76 (VIV) and 73 (VIR) years, (p=0.024), 60.9% (VIV) and 44.1% (VIR) were female (p=0.003), median left ventricular ejection fraction was 55% in VIV and 50% in VIR (p <0.001), and median STS score was 10.5% (VIV) and 9.2% (VIR), p=0.131. Transseptal access was utilized in 35% VIV and 46.2% VIR procedures, p=0.081. Procedural success was achieved in 74.4% of VIV and 57.8%VIR (p=0.239). Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction was more common in VIR (5.4%) vs VIV (0.06%), p=0.003. Post-procedure median mean mitral valve gradient was 4mmHg in both groups. 95.7% of VIV and 86% of VIR patients had post-procedure mitral regurgitation ≤1(+), p<0.001. In-hospital mortality was 6.9% for VIV and 9.7% for VIR (p=0.343). 30-day mortality was 9% for VIV and 12% for VIR (p=0.387). At 30-day follow up, 85.6% of VIV and 77.7% of VIR patients were in New York Heart Association class I or II (p=0.398). Conclusions: TMVR VIV and VIR using aortic transcatheter heart valves in high surgical risk patients are associated with similar in-hospital and 30-day mortality and symptom benefit. LVOT obstruction post-TMVR and residual mitral regurgitation ≥2 (+) were more frequent in VIR procedures. The long-term effect of these procedures is not known and requires further evaluation.

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the impact of pulmonary hypertension (PH) on outcomes of patients with severe mitral annular calcification (MAC) undergoing transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR).BackgroundPH is associated with poor outcomes after mitral valve surgery. Whether the presence of PH in patients with MAC undergoing (TMVR) is associated with poor outcomes, is unknown.MethodsRetrospective evaluation of 116 patients from 51 centers in 11 countries who underwent TMVR with valve in mitral annular calcification (ViMAC) using balloon‐expandable aortic transcatheter valves (THVs) from September 2012 to March 2017. Pulmonary artery systolic blood pressure (PASP) by echocardiogram was available in 90 patients. The subjects were stratified based on PASP: No PH = PASP ≤35 mmHg (n = 11); mild to moderate PH = PASP 36–49 mmHg (n = 21) and severe PH = PASP ≥50 mmHg (n = 58). Clinical, procedural, and echocardiographic outcomes were assessed.ResultsMean age was 72.7 (±12.8) years, 59 (65.6%) were female, Society of Thoracic Surgeons score was 15.8 + 11.8% and 90.0% where in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III–IV. There was no significant difference in all‐cause mortality at 30 days (no PH = 27.3%, mild–moderate PH = 19.0%, severe PH = 31.6%; p = 0.55) or at 1 year (no PH = 54.5%, mild–moderate PH = 38.1%, severe PH = 56.1%; p = 0.36). No difference in adverse events, NYHA class or amount of residual mitral regurgitation at 1 year were observed between the groups.ConclusionThis study suggests that the presence of PH in patients with predominantly mitral stenosis with MAC undergoing TMVR does not impact mortality or adverse events. Further studies are needed to fully understand the effect of PH in this group of patients.

Background: Women have a higher rate of adverse events after mitral valve surgery. We sought to evaluate whether outcomes after transcatheter edge-to-edge repair intervention by sex have similar trends to mitral valve surgery. Methods: The primary outcome was 1-year major adverse events defined as a composite of all-cause mortality, stroke, and any bleeding in the overall study cohort. Patients who underwent transcatheter edge-to-edge repair for mitral regurgitation with the MitraClip system in the Society of Thoracic Surgery/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy registry were evaluated. Linked administrative claims from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services were used to evaluate 1-year clinical outcomes. Associations between sex and outcomes were evaluated using a multivariable logistic regression model for in-hospital outcomes and Cox model for 1-year outcomes. Results: From November 2013 to March 2017, 5295 patients, 47.6% (n=2523) of whom were female, underwent transcatheter edge-to-edge repair. Females were less likely to have >1 clip implanted ( P <0.001) and had a lower adjusted odds ratio of device success (adjusted odds ratio, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.67–0.90]), driven by lower odds of residual mitral gradient <5 mm Hg (adjusted odds ratio, 0.54 [CI, 0.46–0.63]) when compared with males. At 1-year follow-up, the primary outcome did not differ by sex. Female sex was associated with lower adjusted 1-year risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.80 [CI, 0.68–0.94]), but the adjusted 1-year risk of stroke and any bleeding did not differ by sex. Conclusions: No difference in composite outcome of all-cause mortality, stroke, and any bleeding was observed between females and males. Adjusted 1-year all-cause mortality was lower in females compared with males.

Background: Several studies have evaluated preprocedural imaging predictors of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) after transcatheter mitral valve replacement. The patient cohorts in these studies were heterogeneous and included patients with transcatheter mitral valve replacement in failed bioprostheses, annuloplasty rings, and severe mitral annular calcification (MAC). The goal of this study was to evaluate predictors of LVOTO specific to patients undergoing valve-in-MAC. Methods: This study included patients with severe MAC who underwent valve-in-MAC and had optimal quality preprocedural multidetector row computed tomography scans eligible for retrospective analysis. Baseline demographic, echocardiographic, and procedural data on these patients were collected. multidetector row computed tomography parameters were analyzed for association with LVOTO, defined as increase in mean LVOT gradient by ≥10 mm Hg with accompanying hemodynamic instability. Results: Seventy-one patients with optimal preprocedural computed tomography scans were included in this study (mean age, 72.5±13.5 years), 9 of which developed LVOTO (all female). Baseline mean LVOT area, neo-LVOT area (145.3 versus 270.9 mm 2 ; P =0.006), indexed neo-LVOT area (90.1 versus 157.4; P =0.05), and virtual transcatheter heart valve to septum distance (3.1 versus 6.9 mm; P =0.002) were lower in the LVOTO group. Expected % LVOT area reduction was higher in the latter group (58.3 versus 42.7%; P =0.008). In the univariable analysis, the baseline mean LVOT area, neo-LVOT area, indexed neo-LVOT area, and valve to septum distance were all significantly associated with LVOTO. Conclusions: The systolic mean LVOT area, neo-LVOT area, indexed neo-LVOT, expected percentage LVOT area reduction, and the valve to septum distance were associated with LVOTO after valve-in-MAC.

AbstractBackgroundDue to elevated surgical risk, transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is used as an alternative for treating failed bioprosthetic valves, annuloplasty repairs and mitral annular calcification (MAC). We report the procedural and longitudinal outcomes for each subtype: Mitral valve‐in‐valve (MVIV), mitral valve‐in‐ring (MViR), and valve‐in‐MAC (ViMAC).MethodsConsecutive patients undergoing TMVR from October 2013 to December 2019 were assessed. Patients at high risk for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction had either alcohol septal ablation or intentional laceration of the anterior leaflet (LAMPOON).ResultsEight‐eight patients underwent TMVR; 38 MViV, 31 MViR, and 19 ViMAC procedures were performed. The median Society of Thoracic Surgery 30‐day predicted risk of mortality was 8.2% (IQR 5.2, 19.9) for all. Sapien 3 (78%) and transseptal access (98%) were utilized in most cases. All‐cause in‐hospital mortality, technical, and procedural success were 8%, 83%, and 66% respectively. Median follow up was 1.4 years (IQR 0.5–2.9 years) and overall survival was 40% at 4 years. Differential survival rates were observed with MViV doing the best, followed by MViR and ViMAC having a <20% survival at 4 years. After adjusting for co‐variates, MViV procedure was the strongest predictor of survival (HR 0.24 [95% CI 0.079–0.7]).ConclusionTMVR is performed in at high‐risk patients with attenuated long‐term survival. MViV has the best success and survival rate, but long‐term survival in MViR and ViMAC is guarded.

AbstractObjective/BackgroundSmall balloon expandable valves have higher echocardiographic transvalvular gradients and rates of prosthesis‐patient mismatch (PPM) compared to larger valves. However, the impact of these echocardiographic findings on clinical outcomes is unknown. We sought to determine the clinical outcomes of 20 mm SAPIEN 3 (S3 BEV) compared to larger S3 BEV in relation to echocardiographic hemodynamics.MethodsUsing the STS/ACC transcatheter valve registry, we performed a propensity‐matched comparison of patients undergoing treatment of native aortic valve stenosis using transfemoral, balloon‐expandable implantation of 20 mm and ≥ 23 mm S3 BEVs. Baseline and procedure characteristics, echocardiographic variables and survival were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of 1‐year mortality.ResultsAfter propensity matching of the 20 mm and ≥ 23 mm SAPIEN 3 valves, 3,931 pairs with comparable baseline characteristics were identified. Small valves were associated with significantly higher echocardiographic gradients at discharge (15.7 ± 7.1 mmHg vs. 11.7 ± 5.5 mmHg, p < 0.0001) and severe PPM rates (21.5% vs. 9.7%, p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in 1‐year all‐cause mortality (20 mm: 13.0% vs. ≥23 mm: 12.7%, p = 0.72) or other major adverse event rates and outcomes between the two cohorts. Based on a multivariable analysis, elevated discharge mean gradient (>20 mmHg), severe PPM and the use of 20 mm versus ≥23 mm were not independent predictors of 1‐year mortality.ConclusionSAPIEN 3 20 mm valves were associated with higher echocardiographic gradients, and severe PPM rates compared to larger valves but these factors were not associated with significant differences in 1‐year all‐cause mortality or rehospitalization.