Citations

Significance Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in numerous biological roles including epigenetic regulation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. Whereas lncRNAs contribute to epigenetic gene regulation, metastasis, and prognosis in solid tumors, their role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not been hitherto reported. Here, we show that lncRNA expression profiles are associated with recurrent mutations, clinical features, and outcome in AML. A fraction of these lncRNAs may have a functional role in leukemogenesis. Furthermore, lncRNAs could be used as biomarkers for outcome in AML. The identification of patients likely to achieve complete remission with standard therapy alone, based on lncRNA expression, is a significant advance potentially sparing such patients from other toxicities and focusing investigational approaches on postremission studies.

Key PointsIn this first ALL GWAS in AYAs, we determined that inherited GATA3 variants strongly influence ALL susceptibility in this age group. These findings revealed similarities and differences in the genetic basis of ALL susceptibility between young children and AYAs.

Key Points High-throughput RNAi screening identified lenalidomide sensitizer genes, including RSK2, RAB, peroxisome, and potassium channel family members. Knockdown or inhibition of RSK2 synergized with lenalidomide to induce myeloma cytotoxicity and downregulation of interferon regulatory factor 4 and MYC.

The Rare Cancer Network (RCN) was formed in the early 1990's to create a global network that could pool knowledge and resources in the studies of rare malignancies whose infrequency prevented both their study with prospective clinical trials. To date, the RCN has initiated 74 studies resulting in 46 peer reviewed publications. The First International Symposium of the Rare Cancer Network took place in Nice in March of 2014. Status updates and proposals for new studies were heard for fifteen topics. Ongoing studies continue for cardiac sarcomas, thyroid cancers, glomus tumors, and adult medulloblastomas. New proposals were presented at the symposium for primary hepatic lymphoma, solitary fibrous tumors, Rosai-Dorfman disease, tumors of the ampulla of Vater, salivary gland tumors, anorectal melanoma, midline nuclear protein in testes carcinoma, pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea, osteosarcomas of the mandible, and extra-cranial hemangiopericytoma. This manuscript presents the abstracts of those proposals and updates on ongoing studies, as well a brief summary of the vision and future of the RCN.

SummaryWe constructed a multiple myeloma (MM)‐specific gene panel for targeted sequencing and investigated 72 untreated high‐risk (del17p) MM patients. Mutations were identified in 78% of the patients. While the majority of studied genes were mutated at similar frequency to published literature, the prevalence of TP53 mutation was increased (28%) and no mutations were found in FAM46C. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the mutational landscape of del17p high‐risk MM. Additionally, our work demonstrates the practical use of a customized sequencing panel, as an easy, cheap and fast approach to characterize the mutational profile of MM.

Activation of the tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB) by brain-derived neurotrophic factor acutely regulates synaptic transmission at adult neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). The role of TrkB kinase activity in the maintenance of NMJ function and structure at diaphragm muscle NMJs was explored using a chemical-genetic approach that permits reversible inactivation of TrkB kinase activity in TrkB F616A mice by 1NMPP1. Inhibiting TrkB kinase activity for 7 days resulted in significant, yet reversible, impairments in neuromuscular transmission at diaphragm NMJs. Neuromuscular transmission failure following 2 min of repetitive phrenic nerve stimulation increased from 42% in control to 59% in 1NMPP1-treated TrkB F616A mice ( P = 0.010). Recovery of TrkB kinase activity following withdrawal of 1NMPP1 treatment improved neuromuscular transmission ( P = 0.006). Electrophysiological measurements at individual diaphragm NMJs documented lack of differences in quantal content in control and 1NMPP1-treated mice ( P = 0.845). Morphological changes at diaphragm NMJs were modest following inhibition and recovery of TrkB kinase activity. Three-dimensional reconstructions of diaphragm NMJs revealed no differences in volume at motor end plates (labeled by α-bungarotoxin; P = 0.982) or presynaptic terminals (labeled by synaptophysin; P = 0.515). Inhibition of TrkB kinase activity by 1NMPP1 resulted in more compact NMJs, with increased apposition of presynaptic terminals and motor end plates ( P = 0.017) and reduced fragmentation of motor end plates ( P = 0.005). Recovery of TrkB kinase activity following withdrawal of 1NMPP1 treatment resulted in postsynaptic remodeling likely reflecting increased gutter depth ( P = 0.007), without significant presynaptic changes. These results support an essential role for TrkB kinase activity in maintaining synaptic function and structural integrity at NMJs in the adult mouse diaphragm muscle.

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of extracellular matrix degrading proteins, have been found to be upregulated in many human cancers and have been shown to contribute to cancer progression. There have been many aborted attempts to target MMPs therapeutically using small molecule inhibitors; the limited selectivity of most MMP inhibitors may be a major factor contributing to their poor effectiveness. As an alternative to small molecule MMP inhibitors, we are developing new methodology to create selective protein inhibitors of MMPs, based on the scaffold of the natural inhibitor TIMP-1, that may be used as protein therapeutics. Because TIMP-1 has a very short plasma half-life, we have developed methods for PEGylation that extend the plasma half-life to about 24h while preserving MMP inhibitory activity, rendering it more suitable for in vivo applications. We have also generated mutations in TIMP-1 that confer selective binding toward particular MMPs. The targets thus far pursued include MMP-9, MMP-3, and MMP-10, which represent therapeutic targets of interest in breast cancer and lung cancer. In the future, the methods developed here can be used to identify TIMP-1 variants selective toward additional MMPs, which may be of utility in the research and treatment of many human cancers. Citation Format: Christine Mehner, Jyotica Batra, Jessica Robinson, Derek C. Radisky, Evette S. Radisky. Engineering TIMP-1 for selective MMP inhibition and future use as a protein therapeutic. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5069. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5069