Alfertshofer, Michael

Abstract Background It is still unclear which facial region contributes most to the perception of an aged face when evaluated by eye-tracking analyses. Objectives The authors sought to apply eye-tracking technology to identify whether mature faces require longer fixation durations than young faces and which facial region contributes most to the perception of a mature face. Methods Eye-tracking analyses were conducted in 74 volunteers (37 males, 37 females; 43 ≤ 40 years, 31 > 40 years) evaluating their gaze pattern and the fixation durations for the entire face and 9 facial subregions. Frontal facial images of 16 younger (<40 years) and older (>40 years) gender-matched individuals were presented in a standardized setting. Results Independent of age or gender of the observer, a younger stimulus image was viewed shorter than an older stimulus image with 0.82 (0.63) seconds vs 1.06 (0.73) seconds with P < 0.001. There was no statistically significant difference in their duration of a stable eye fixation when observers inspected a male vs a female stimulus image [0.94 (0.70) seconds vs 0.94 (0.68) seconds; P = 0.657] independent of the observer’s age or gender. The facial image that captured the most attention of the observer (rank 9) was the perioral region with 1.61 (0.73) seconds for younger observers and 1.57 (0.73) seconds for older observers. Conclusions It was revealed that the perioral region attracts the most attention of observers and contributes most to an aged facial appearance. Practitioners should be mindful of the importance of the perioral region when designing an aesthetic treatment plan.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die Brustrekonstruktion mittels autologem Gewebe ist fester Bestandteil eines ganzheitlichen Therapiekonzeptes bei Patientinnen mit Mammakarzinom. Während zahlreiche Studien den körperlichen und psychischen Gesundheitszustand von Patientinnen mit Brustkrebs nach Mastektomie und konsekutiver Brustrekonstruktion untersuchen, mangelt es an objektiven Daten zur Beurteilung des Einflusses von Ablatio und Brustrekonstruktion auf die Wahrnehmung von externen Beobachtern. Diese Studie untersucht die Blickmuster bei Betrachtung einer Brust in verschiedenen Stadien der Brustrekonstruktion mittels DIEP Lappenplastik. Material und Methoden Mittels Eye-Tracking-Technologie wurden die Augenbewegungen von 58 Studienteilnehmer*in- nen beim Betrachten von 2D-Fotografien einer Patientin in den verschiedenen Stadien der Brustrekonstruktion (1. Ablatio, 2. Aufbau mittels DIEP Lappenplastik, 3. MAK Rekonstruktion) analysiert. Die Zeit bis zur ersten Fixierung und die Dauer der Fixierung wurde in jedem Bild für die rechte und linke Brust aufgezeichnet. Ergebnisse Die Dauer der kompletten Fixierung der operierten Brust zeigte über die verschiedenen Stadien der Brustrekonstruktion insgesamt eine signifikante Abnahme mit p<0,001. Gleichzeitig zeigte sich keine statistisch signifikante Veränderung der Blickdauer auf der nicht-operierten Gegen- seite mit p=0,174. Die Zeit bis zur ersten Blickfixierung der betroffenen Brust zeigte eine signifikante Zunahme über die verschiedenen Rekonstruktionsschritte, mit p<0,001. Bei der Gegenseite zeigte sich kein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied in der Zeit bis zur ersten Fixierung, mit p=0,344. Schlussfolgerung Die Ablatio mammae und die einzelnen Schritte der Brustrekonstruktion verändern die äußerliche Wahrnehmung von Patientinnen. Im Laufe der einzelnen re- konstruktiven Teilschritte kommt es zu einer zunehmenden Aufhebung der Blickdeviation in Richtung erkrankte Brust.

AbstractBackgroundAn increasing demand of minimally‐invasive aesthetic procedures of the forehead concomitantly leads to higher numbers of adverse events. Adequate application of anatomical knowledge is required to increase safety and efficacy of different minimally‐invasive aesthetic procedures in this anatomical region.ObjectiveTo describe the layered anatomy of the forehead soft tissues with respect to their thicknesses and how they relate to different minimally‐invasive aesthetic treatments.MethodsA total of n = 85 healthy study participants (69 females and 16 males) with a mean age of 40.84 ± 10.9 years and a mean body mass index of 22.65 ± 2.6 kg/m2 were investigated with ultrasound‐based imaging to measure the thickness of different forehead soft tissues.ResultsThe mean overall soft tissue thickness of the forehead was measured to be 4.18 ± 0.7 mm for the entire study population. Increasing BMI values correlated statistically significantly with increasing thickness of all measured forehead soft tissues with exception of the frontalis muscle. On a statistically significant level, males showed thicker forehead soft tissues than females, with exception of the retrofrontalis fat and the frontalis muscle.ConclusionOn basis of the findings obtained in this study, basic treatment principles can be derived and improved for the injection of neuromodulators, hyaluronic acid as well as the application of polydiaxonane (PDO) threads and micro‐focused ultrasound. Precise knowledge and thorough understanding of the layers and soft tissues of the forehead is required to guarantee safe and effective procedures in this aesthetically important facial region.

Abstract Background Neuromodulators have proven efficacy in reducing facial rhytides and have also been reported to improve jawline contour and the appearance of platysmal bands. Lifting effects of the tail of the eyebrow are expected outcomes when targeting the lateral periorbital region, underscoring the versatility of neuromodulator treatments. Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical effectiveness of a novel neuromodulator-based injection algorithm with regards to its ability to reposition the middle and lower facial soft tissues. Methods Seventy-five study participants (8 males, 67 females) with a mean [standard deviation] age of 37.5 [8.5] years were injected with neuromodulators in the subdermal plane of the mandibular soft tissues following a standardized algorithm. Live rating of clinical appearance was performed, as well as volume change and skin vector displacement measured by 3-dimensional imaging at baseline, Day 14, and Day 30. Results Three-dimensional volume analysis revealed an increase in midfacial volume by 0.46 mL, and a decrease of the lower facial volume by 0.30 mL compared with baseline. Additionally, an improvement of midfacial fullness (by 0.13) and jawline contour (by 0.44) was reported on clinical rating scales at Day 30 compared with baseline. Conclusions Facial soft tissues can be repositioned during the 30-day follow-up period following a neuromodulator treatment; this was reflected through an increase in midfacial volume as well as through a decrease in lower facial volume. The novel injection algorithm presented can provide a safe and effective option for patients desiring improvement of midfacial fullness and jawline contour with neuromodulator treatment alone. Level of Evidence: 4

Abstract Background Facial regions with a high risk for causing injection-related visual comprise are dual-supply vascular areas such as the nose, glabella, and forehead. These regions have in common that they receive arterial blood supply both by branches of the internal (ICA) and the external carotid artery (ECA). Objective The authors sought to investigate the anastomotic pathways between ICA and ECA branches in the upper face. Methods Postmortem computed tomographic angiographic scans of n = 38 Chinese non-embalmed hemifaces (25 males, 13 females; mean age, 37.79 [11.8] years; mean BMI, 21.90 [2.3] kg/m2) were conducted. Data analysis relied on the calculation of depth, distances, and pathways of forehead and temporal arteries to investigate the number of anastomotic connections, the connecting branches, and the layer of connection between ICA and ECA territories. Results Between ICA and ECA territories, only 1 connection in 57.9%, 2 connections in 31.6%, 3 connections in 5.3%, and 4 and 5 connections in 2.6% each were identified. A superficial connection was observed in 15.8% whereas in 84.2% the anastomotic connection was identified to be both superficial and deep. Conclusions Adverse events following facial minimally invasive soft-tissue filler injections for aesthetic purposes are not frequent but devastating if they occur. Anatomic knowledge as presented in this study can help to increase awareness of 3-dimensional vascular anastomotic pathways and identify safer injection zones and safer fascial planes. Evidence-based injection techniques should be followed, and safety aspects should be placed over the aesthetic outcome.

AbstractBackgroundWith an increasing demand of aesthetic soft‐tissue filler treatments, the occurrence of adverse events rises likewise. An optimized injection algorithm adapted to product characteristics (eg, rheology) of the soft‐tissue filler is crucial in order to ensure satisfying clinical outcomes and high patient safety.ObjectiveTo identify a subjective feedback mechanism for the avoidance of adverse events after soft‐tissue filler injection procedures.MethodsA retrospective data analysis of n = 387 aesthetic treatments performed on n = 291 patients (4 males, 287 females) with different soft‐tissue fillers with regard to loss of volume (filling effect), injected layer, injectability (“ease of injection”), injected volume, and injection technique was conducted.ResultsThe subjectively perceived injectability during the injection process was statistically significantly related to G‐Prime value with rs = 0.101 with p = 0.048, indicating an increased difficulty while injecting products with higher G‐Prime. The occurrence of adverse events was also statistically significantly related to the injectability: injections with increased subjectively perceived difficulty showed increasing odds of developing adverse events by OR 0.157 with p = 0.002.ConclusionInjections that were subjectively more difficult to perform are more likely to develop adverse events. Respecting the layered arrangement of the face, the recommended and approved depth and facial region for each specific treatment enable practitioners to achieve satisfying outcomes while keeping the rate of adverse events low.

AbstractObjectiveTo the knowledge of the authors, no data about the reproducibility and accuracy of 3‐dimensional surface imaging of the face using a whole‐body scanner are available. Thus, the objective of this investigation was to assess the reproducibility of facial scans acquired using a whole‐body imaging device.Material and MethodsThis investigation investigated 220 3‐D scans of a total of 22 healthy volunteers (with a mean age of 29.36 years). Two consecutive 3‐D images using a Vectra WB360 of the volunteers were obtained utilizing a whole‐body imaging device. Predefined distances in the face were performed in each scan and compared. Furthermore, surface deviation between two consecutively captured scans was assessed.ResultsThe distance with the smallest statistical significance was found to be at the nose with p = 0.998, while the biggest statistical significance was found in the midface with p = 0.658. The area with the biggest surface deviation between the superimposed scans was the neck with a root mean square (RMS) of 1.62 ± 1.71, and the area with the smallest surface deviation was the forehead with a RMS of 0.17 ± 0.05.ConclusionThe whole‐body imaging device investigated in this study can be utilized to capture the face and provides enough accuracy to compare scans. Even though not directly investigated, it can be hypothesized that the error caused by repositioning the patient between a baseline and a follow‐up scan will not be too big to consider measurements performed with the whole‐body imaging device as impractical.

AbstractBackgroundThe orientation of facial ligaments changes with increasing age due to the loss of bony support. Soft tissue filler injections placed in close proximity to facial ligaments can alter their orientation to help achieve an improved and younger aesthetic appearance.ObjectiveTo assess the anatomic and aesthetic effects of a standardized injection with soft tissue filler placed directly inferior to the orbicularis retaining ligament in the infraorbital region.MethodsA total of 163 patients with signs of infraorbital aging were treated with a standardized soft tissue filler injection into and in close proximity to the orbicularis retaining ligament (ORL). 2D frontal images of the infraorbital region were rated by eleven blinded and independent raters with regards to the aesthetic appearance of the infraorbital region before and after the standardized injection treatment.ResultsThe aesthetic appearance of the entire infraorbital region (lid‐cheek junction) was rated before and after the treatment. The severity of the tear trough (medial aspect of the infraorbital region) as well as the hollowing of the lateral aspect of the infraorbital region also was rated before and after the treatment. Aesthetic improvement was statistically significant when evaluated by the blinded raters, the treating physician, and the patients. All the results were “very much improved” compared to baseline.ConclusionThe effectiveness of this injection technique is thought to be due to the strategic placement of soft tissue filler that helps to reposition facial ligaments that have changed their orientation during the aging process.

AbstractBackgroundThe tear trough is one of the most challenging facial regions for soft-tissue filler injections. A thorough understanding of the underlying facial, muscular, and vascular anatomy is crucial to perform safe and effective tear trough injectable treatments.ObjectivesThe authors sought to evaluate the location and function of the angular vein in the tear trough in 3 different facial expressions: repose, smiling, and max. orbicularis oculi contraction.MethodsTwenty study participants with a mean age of 48.3 years and mean BMI of 24.5 kg/m2 were investigated via functional ultrasound imaging. The diameter of the angular vein and the velocity and direction of venous blood flow were analyzed in repose, smiling, and during max. orbicularis oculi contraction.ResultsThe angular vein was identified in 100% of the cases to travel inside the orbicularis oculi muscle (intra-muscular course) within the tear trough, whereas the angular artery was not identified in this location. The distance between the angular vein and the inferior orbital rim was (lateral to medial): 4.6 mm, 4.5 mm, 3.9 mm, and 3.8 mm. The caudally directed blood flow was in repose 10.2 cm/s and was 7.3 cm/s at max. orbicularis oculi muscle contraction; however, no blood flow was detectable during smiling.ConclusionsThe diameter and the venous blood flow of the angular vein varied between the 3 tested facial expressions. Based on these anatomical findings, the deep injection approach to the tear trough is recommended due to the intramuscular course of the angular vein.