Citations

Abstract Aims Heart failure (HF), a major global health challenge, affects millions worldwide and poses substantial healthcare and economic burdens. It is estimated that a large proportion of those with early systolic dysfunction remain asymptomatic at a stage when guideline-directed medical therapies have been shown to prevent disease progression. To develop an artificial intelligence (AI) model capable of predicting abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) directly from static, non-gated, non-contrast chest computed tomography (CT) scans as a form of opportunistic screening, Methods and results Using a multi-institutional dataset of 34 058 paired non- contrast CT images and echocardiogram reports from two academic centres, we trained our model of classification for predicting left-ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) categories: abnormal EF (EF < 50%) vs. normal on 25 948 studies. We validated the model on 8110 paired chest CT and echocardiogram results from a separate institution. The model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of 0.786 on the hold-out test set and 0.762 on external validation to detect an abnormal EF (<50%). Beyond strong predictive performance, the AI model surpassed expert radiologists in both accuracy and efficiency and provided interpretable visualizations highlighting imaging features linked to reduced LVEF. Conclusion In this study, we developed and validated an AI model capable of predicting abnormal LVEF directly from static, non-gated, non-contrast chest CT scans, a novel application for an imaging modality typically used for unrelated indications as a form of opportunistic screening. This technology holds significant promise for early detection of systolic HF, reducing the diagnostic gap, and improving outcomes in asymptomatic HF patients.

ImportanceGreater splanchnic nerve ablation may improve hemodynamics in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility and safety of endovascular right-sided splanchnic nerve ablation for volume management (SAVM).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a phase 2, double-blind, 1:1, sham-controlled, multicenter, randomized clinical trial conducted at 14 centers in the US and 1 center in the Republic of Georgia. Patients with HFpEF, left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or greater, and invasively measured peak exercise pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) of 25 mm Hg or greater were included. Study data were analyzed from May 2023 to June 2024.InterventionSAVM vs sham control procedure.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary efficacy end point was a reduction in legs-up and exercise PCWP at 1 month. The primary safety end point was serious device- or procedure-related adverse events at 1 month. Secondary efficacy end points included HF hospitalizations, changes in exercise function and health status through 12 months, and baseline to 1-month change in resting, legs-up, and 20-W exercise PCWP.ResultsA total of 90 patients (median [range] age, 71 [47-90] years; 58 female [64.4%]) were randomized at 15 centers (44 SAVM vs 46 sham). There were no differences in adverse events between groups. The primary efficacy end point did not differ between SAVM or sham (mean between-group difference in PCWP, −0.03 mm Hg; 95% CI, −2.5 to 2.5 mm Hg; P = .95). There were also no differences in the secondary efficacy end points. There was no difference in the primary safety end point between the treatment (6.8% [3 of 44]) and sham (2.2% [1 of 46]) groups (difference, 4.6%; 95% CI, −6.1% to 15.4%; P = .36). There was no difference in the incidence of orthostatic hypotension between the treatment (11.4% [5 of 44]) and sham (6.5% [3 of 46]) groups (difference, 4.9%; 95% CI, −9.2% to 18.8%; P = .48).Conclusions and RelevanceResults show that SAVM was safe and technically feasible, but it did not reduce exercise PCWP at 1 month or improve clinical outcomes at 12 months in a broad population of patients with HFpEF.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04592445

Introduction: Sarcopenia, characterized by loss of muscle mass and function, is prevalent in heart failure (HF) and associated with poor outcomes. We investigated alterations in sarcopenia index (SI), a surrogate marker of skeletal muscle mass, in HF, left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and heart transplant (HT) and assessed its relationship with inflammation and digestive tract (gut and oral) microbiota. Hypothesis: Sarcopenia will be associated with increased inflammation, dysbiotic microbial signatures, higher HF class, and earlier time post-HT or post LVAD. Methods: We enrolled 460 HF, LVAD and HT patients. Repeated measures pre and post procedures were obtained in a subset of LVAD and HT patients. Sarcopenia index (serum Creatinine/Cystatin C) and inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) were measured in 271 and 622 blood samples, respectively. Gut and saliva microbiota were assessed via 16S rRNA sequencing among 335 stool and 341 saliva samples. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the relationship between SI and i) New York Heart Association class; ii) pre- vs. post-LVAD or HT; iii) biomarkers of inflammation and microbial diversity. Results: Median (interquartile range) ln-SI was -0.13(-0.32,0.05). Ln-SI decreased across worsening HF class, further declined within the 1-month after LVAD and HT and rebounded over time to the levels of symptomatic HF. Ln-SI demonstrated an inverse correlation with inflammation (r=-0.28, p<0.0001), and a positive correlation with gut (r=0.26, p<0.0001) and oral microbial diversity (r=0.24, p<0.0001). Presence of the gut taxa Roseburia inulinivorans was associated with increased SI. Conclusions: SI levels decreased in symptomatic HF and remained decreased long-term after LVAD and HT. SI levels covaried with inflammation, gut and oral microbiota in a similar fashion.

Introduction and hypothesis: Recent data have indicated an increase in the rate of early, confirmed pump thrombosis of the HeartMate II (HMII) left ventricular assist device. Factors related to this increase were not known, but one of the hypotheses was change in clinical management over time. The PREVENT ( PREVEN tion of Heartmate II Pump T hrombosis through Clinical Management) study was designed to evaluate the impact of clinical practices developed to reduce the risk of HMII pump thrombosis. Methods: PREVENT is a prospective, multi-center, single-arm, non-randomized study of up to 300 patients at up to 25 sites. Patient and pump management, including implant technique, anticoagulation, and pump settings are guided by protocol (Table 1). Primary endpoint is incidence of confirmed pump thrombosis at 3 months, with a total follow-up of 6 months. Presented here are the preliminary results from the first 100 subjects enrolled. Results: Median age was 61 years [25-79], 87% were male, and 79% were destination therapy. At implant, 9% were in INTERMACS Profile1, 68% Profiles 2-3, and 22% Profiles 4-7. Preliminary analysis of 90-day outcomes demonstrated an incidence of 1% for confirmed and 2% for suspected thrombosis with a 38% incidence of INTERMACS-defined bleeding. Adherence to the protocol recommendations was as follows: 91% of the pumps were anchored, 97% of the patients were bridged with heparin, median pump speed at 1 month was 9190 [range: 8400-10000], with 93% of the patients having a pump speed > 8600, and 78% of the patients having pump speeds > 9000. Median INR per patient was 2.2 [IQR: 2.0-2.4]. Overall Kaplan-Meier survival was 93%. Conclusions: Preliminary results are encouraging and suggest good adherence to the PREVENT protocol and low rates of pump thrombosis without a resultant increase in bleeding complications. Overall survival after HM II implantation remains excellent.

Right ventricular pressure-volume (PV) analysis characterizes ventricular systolic and diastolic properties independent of loading conditions like volume status and afterload. While long-considered the gold-standard method for quantifying myocardial chamber performance, it was traditionally only performed in highly specialized research settings. With recent advances in catheter technology and more sophisticated approaches to analyze PV data, it is now more commonly used in a variety of clinical and research settings. Herein, we review the basic techniques for PV loop measurement, analysis, and interpretation with the aim of providing readers with a deeper understanding of the strengths and limitations of PV analysis. In the second half of the review, we detail key scenarios in which right ventricular PV analysis has influenced our understanding of clinically relevant topics and where the technique can be applied to resolve additional areas of uncertainty. All told, PV analysis has an important role in advancing our understanding of right ventricular physiology and its contribution to cardiovascular function in health and disease.

Approximately 50% of patients with heart failure have preserved ejection fraction. Although a wide variety of conditions cause or contribute to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, elevated left ventricular filling pressures, particularly during exercise, are common to all causes. Acute elevation in left‐sided filling pressures promotes lung congestion and symptoms of dyspnea, while chronic elevations often lead to pulmonary vascular remodeling, right heart failure, and increased risk of mortality. Pharmacologic therapies, including neurohormonal modulation and drugs that modify the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP‐protein kinase G pathway have thus far been limited in reducing symptoms or improving outcomes in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Hence, alternative means of reducing the detrimental rise in left‐sided heart pressures are being explored. One proposed method of achieving this is to create an interatrial shunt, thus unloading the left heart at rest and during exercise. Currently available studies have shown 3‐ to 5‐mm Hg decreases of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during exercise despite increased workload. The mechanisms underlying the hemodynamic changes are just starting to be understood. In this review we summarize results of recent studies aimed at elucidating the potential mechanisms of improved hemodynamics during exercise tolerance following interatrial shunt implantation and the current interatrial shunt devices under investigation.