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Background: Premedications used to prevent paclitaxel-associated infusion hypersensitivity reactions (iHSRs) can cause undesirable toxicities, such as sleep disturbance and weight gain. Although phase II data suggest that discontinuing premedications after paclitaxel-associated iHSRs may be safe and feasible in select patients without prior iHSRs, no prospective randomized trials have evaluated this approach. Patients and Methods: This randomized clinical trial enrolled patients with breast cancer receiving paclitaxel chemotherapy. Those who experienced no iHSRs with the first 2 doses of paclitaxel were randomized to either continue standard premedications (control arm) or to discontinue all premedications (investigational arm). Both arms were followed longitudinally for any subsequent iHSRs requiring parenteral rescue medications. Additionally, changes in weight, drug-related side effects, and quality of life were assessed. Results: A total of 98 patients were randomized; 89 were evaluable (46 in the control arm and 43 in the investigational arm). Only 1 (2.3%) patient in the investigational arm experienced an iHSR, which resolved with rescue medications. No iHSRs occurred in the control arm. The estimated proportion of subjects who experienced a hypersensitivity reaction (exact binomial 95% CI) was 2.3% (95% CI, 0.1%–12.3%) in the investigational arm and 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0%–7.7%) in the control arm. Patients in the investigational arm reported significantly less sleep disruption (0.5 vs 1.7; P =.002) and unwanted appetite increases (1.0 vs 2.5; P =.0018). Conclusions: Discontinuation of premedications after 2 uneventful paclitaxel doses was not associated with a high rate of subsequent iHSRs and resulted in fewer steroid-related side effects. This strategy may reduce unnecessary medication exposure, improve patient experience, and streamline clinical workflows. For patients who do not experience iHSRs during the first 2 paclitaxel treatments, discontinuing premedications appears safe and may improve tolerability.

Background Medication nonadherence has been associated with poor outcomes in transplant recipients yet identifying these behaviors pre-transplant remains challenging. The simplified medication adherence questionnaire (SMAQ) is a brief, reliable instrument to assess medication adherence. The aim of this study was to perform SMAQ testing on thoracic organ candidates and examine correlations between these scores and individual patient factors predicting medication nonadherence. Methods Consenting waitlisted lung, heart, and heart-lung transplant candidates from six thoracic transplant centers were mailed a survey that included demographic information and the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ). Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess association between pre-transplant medication adherence and demographic characteristics, psychosocial factors, and mortality. Results Among 298 participants, 60.7% were medication nonadherent. Nonadherence was associated with some college education (OR: 1.73; CI: 1.06, 2.81), lower positive affect (OR: 0.95; CI: 0.92, 0.99), and higher uncertainty (OR: 1.02; CI: 1.01, 1.04). Higher positivity ratio predicted adherence. Conclusion Identifiable patient-specific characteristics associated with medication nonadherence can be screened for during thoracic transplant evaluation. Interventions aimed at improving these factors during the pre-transplant period may improve clinical post-transplant outcomes, however, larger studies are needed to validate these findings.

Abstract Background: The choice of analysis method and primary endpoint can have a major impact on the results of a clinical trial. The power of these analysis methods is affected by the response patterns, response distributions, autocorrelations, missing values, and the number of times the endpoint is evaluated. Guidelines are needed to help investigators select statistical methods that give investigators the best chance of finding an intervention effect if one truly exists. Methods: Monte Carlo methods were used to determine how different endpoints are affected by changes in study assumptions. Copula simulation methods were applied to prior Alliance hot flash and CIPN studies to determine which endpoints would provide the highest power for future studies. Results: Longitudinal analyses had higher power if there was a plateau response, there were fewer missing values, responses were collected more often, and there was lower correlation between responses from the same subject. Having skewed data did not greatly affect power. Prior hot flash and CIPN studies showed skewed data, plateau response rates, and very high autocorrelations. Conclusion: Hot flash and CIPN studies are more likely to find true effects if the analysis method uses data at all of the time points and adjusts for baseline. Collecting data at more time points and reducing the missing data rates also increase study power.

PURPOSE Hot flashes are a common side effect reported by men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for the treatment of prostate cancer. We sought to determine whether oxybutynin could improve hot flash symptoms in men with prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with prostate cancer receiving a stable regimen of ADT with at least 28 hot flashes per week were randomly assigned to receive either oxybutynin 2.5 mg twice daily, oxybutynin 5 mg twice daily, or matching placebo for 6 weeks. The primary end point was the change in patient-reported hot flash scores since baseline at 6 weeks. Additional outcomes included incidence of adverse events (AEs), changes since baseline in Hot Flash–Related Daily Interference Scale (HFRDIS) scores, and patient-reported symptoms. RESULTS Eighty-eight patients were enrolled, with the 81 participants eligible for final analysis reporting an average of 10.1 (standard deviation [SD], 5.55) hot flashes per day and an average daily hot flash score of 18.2 (SD, 13.5) included in final analysis. On average, patients on the placebo arm, 2.5 mg oxybutynin arm, and 5 mg oxybutynin arm had reductions in hot flashes/day of 2.15, 4.77 ( P = .02), and 6.89 ( P < .001), respectively. Daily hot flash scores for placebo, 2.5 mg oxybutynin, and 5 mg oxybutynin reduced by an average of 4.85, 9.94 ( P = .07), and 13.95 ( P = .002) points, respectively. No treatment-related grade 3+ AEs occurred. HFRDIS total scores improved by 14.2 and 20.7 points in the 2.5 mg ( P = .042) and 5 mg ( P < .01) oxybutynin arms, respectively, compared with a 3.1-point improvement with placebo. CONCLUSION Oxybutynin is superior to a placebo for the management of ADT-associated hot flashes in men with prostate cancer.

Abstract Background Reference sets are needed to evaluate performance of multi-cancer detection (MCD) assays. The National Cancer Institute funded the Alliance reference set study to assess MCDs for use in future trials. Methods Individuals with cancer and controls were recruited; blood specimens were collected prior to cancer treatment. A performance evaluation study was designed utilizing reference set samples. Companies (n = 6) were selected to participate based on review of performance data and ability to utilize the blood collection tube. Companies received samples from cancer types their assay was designed to detect (“targeted”), plus additional “non-targeted” and control samples. Companies reported positive/negative calls, risk scores, and tissue-of-origin (TOO) predictions. Sensitivity was computed for early (I-II) and late (III-IV) stage cases, based on positive/negative calls (SEPN) and at fixed 98% specificity (SE98). Specificity and TOO accuracy were computed. Results Five hundred and forty nine cases (encompassing 13 cancer types) and 413 controls from the reference set were included in the study. Companies assessed samples from median 6 (range 5-9) targeted cancer types and median 8 (range: 7-11) overall cancer types. Median (range) specificity was 92.3% (76.5%-98.5%). Median (range) SEPN was 32% (25%-42%) for early stage and 73% (48%-89%) for late stage; while median (range) SE98 was 19% (8%-35%) for early stage and 66% (13%-79%) for late stage. Median sensitivity for non-targeted types was 40% (early stage) and 52% (late stage). Median (range) TOO accuracy (primary predicted site) was 75% (64%-78%). Conclusions Sensitivity and specificity varied widely across assays with early-stage sensitivity substantially lower than late-stage sensitivity. Clinical Trial Registration Number ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT05334069.

Purpose: Lifestyle and social frailty factors are a new focus in the multidimensional concept of frailty, as recent reports have found strong associations with negative health outcomes. We searched for specific social and lifestyle frailty factors independently associated with 5-year survival and the risk of hospitalization in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed questionnaire data from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) and identified items related to the published definition of social frailty. Classification and Regression Tree, a machine learning method, was used to select variables most strongly associated with survival time or hospitalizations beyond 12 months of NETT study enrollment. Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine relationships between social/lifestyle variables and hospitalization and survival. Results: Four social and lifestyle frailty factors were significantly related to survival (impaired lifting, bathing and dressing, in-store shopping, and loneliness). Two social and lifestyle frailty factors were significantly related to risk of hospitalization (emotional distress and difficulty performing work or activities). A combination of 6 questions provided clinical phenotypes that were robustly and independently associated with mortality risk and hospitalization with hazard ratios that ranged from 2.4 to 11.2 and 2.2 to 3.5 for survival and hospitalization, respectively, after adjustment for age, sex, disease severity, and physical frailty. Conclusion: Lifestyle and social frailty factors that could be easily identified in practice may represent a novel approach to a multidimensional frailty assessment to predict survival and hospitalization in patients with severe COPD.

Introduction: Despite being healthier than the general population on arrival, immigrants to the US often face systemic barriers to healthy lifestyle behaviors and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Self-efficacy has been associated with healthy diet and physical activity behaviors, but associations and construct validity have not been well studied in large samples of immigrant populations. Hypothesis: Self-efficacy for a healthy diet and physical activity will be associated with better dietary quality and intake and more physical activity, respectively. We also assessed the construct validity of measurement scales in this population. Methods: Set in southeast Minnesota and embedded with the Rochester Healthy Community Partnership, a 20-year community-based participatory research partnership, the Healthy Immigrant Community study enrolled Hispanic/Latinx and Somali immigrants into a randomized intervention to reduce obesity and CVD risks. Baseline assessments included biometric measures and self-reports of dietary intake, physical activity, and quality of life in English, Spanish, or Somali. Two self-efficacy items (“How confident are you that you can eat a healthy diet?”; “How confident are you that you can participate in regular exercise or physical activity?”) were rated as a percentage interval (0%=not at all confident; 25%; 50%=somewhat confident; 75%; 100%=very confident). Results: In total, 451 participants, 268 (59%) Hispanic/Latinx and 183 (41%) Somali, completed baseline assessments for this analysis. The mean age was 45 years (range=18-87), 59% were female, and 37% lacked health insurance over ≤12 months. Participants reporting more confidence to eat a healthy diet were more likely to eat fruits and vegetables as snacks ( p =<0.001), and less likely to drink fruit drinks or sports drinks ( p =0.02) or regular soda ( p =<0.001). Those reporting more confidence to be physically active were also reported higher levels of physical activity ( p =0.001). Validated self-efficacy scales had a wide distribution of scores, suggesting that the measures can be appropriately used among these immigrant communities. Conclusion: Higher self-efficacy for a healthy diet and physical activity were significantly associated with healthier eating and physical activity behaviors. Lifestyle interventions to reduce CVD risk may benefit from incorporating culturally tailored strategies to enhance self-confidence and support health equity in immigrant communities.

Abstract Background: Self-efficacy theory proposes that confidence to engage in a health behavior is associated with engaging in that specific behavior. Most research examining self-efficacy has been conducted with white young adult populations. This secondary analysis examined the association of self-efficacy (i.e., confidence) for healthy eating and physical activity in two immigrant communities. Methods: At enrollment into the Healthy Immigrant Community study, a clinical weight management and cardiovascular risk reduction intervention set in southeastern [state], 475 participants completed assessments about their confidence for healthy eating and physical activity. Measurements also included self-reports of dietary quality and intake, physical activity, quality of life, and biometric assessments. Study materials were available in English, Spanish, and Somali. Results In total, 450 adults (Hispanic/Latinx = 267; Somali = 183) completed measures at baseline and were included for analysis. Their average age was 45 years (range 18–87) and 59% were female. Confidence for healthy eating was significantly associated with self-report of eating healthy snacks ( p = < 0.0001) and less consumption of high-calorie drinks ( p = 0.02) and regular soda ( p = < 0.0001). Confidence to be physically active was significantly associated with more self-reported physical activity ( p = < 0.01). Conclusions Confidence to eat healthy and be physically active appears to be associated with having a healthier diet and higher levels of physical activity. Given the large sample size and strength of the associations, it also appears that the theoretical model of self-efficacy can be effectively measured and applied within these immigrant populations. Self-efficacy theory may be useful in understanding potential mediating mechanisms when designing future interventions with immigrant communities. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05136339; April 23, 2022

PURPOSE Emoji are digital images or icons used to express an idea or emotion in electronic communication. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of two patient-reported scales that incorporate emoji. METHODS The Emoji Response Scale developed for this study has two parts: the Emoji-Ordinal and Emoji-Mood scales. A pilot study was designed to validate the ordinal nature of the Emoji-Ordinal Scale. Twenty patients were shown all possible pairs of five emoji and asked to select the most positive from each pair. The psychometric ordering was assessed using Coombs unfolding and Thurstone scaling. A separate pilot study was designed to determine which emoji to include in the Emoji-Mood Scale. Ten common feelings experienced by patients with cancer were chosen by the study team. Patients and providers were asked to select the one emoji that best represented each feeling from the selection. The most commonly selected emotions and representative emoji were chosen for the Emoji-Mood Scale. In a randomized study of 294 patients, Spearman correlations, Wilcoxon tests, and Bland-Altman analyses determined the construct validity of the scales compared with Linear Analog Scale Assessments (LASA) and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores. RESULTS Ninety-five percent of patients selected the same ordering among the ordinal emoji, and Thurstone scaling confirmed the ordinal nature of the response scale. The construct validity of the scales was high with correlations between the Emoji-Ordinal Scale and the LASA scale of 0.70 for emotional well-being, 0.72 for physical well-being, 0.74 for overall quality of life, and –0.81 for fatigue. Emoji-Mood Scale ratings were strongly related to PROMIS global mental, global physical, fatigue, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and social activity scales ( P < .0001). CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that scales incorporating emoji are valid for collecting patient-reported outcomes.

Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) from oxaliplatin and taxane drugs is a bothersome toxicity. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been reported to improve myelinated nerve fiber function in patients experiencing painful CIPN. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of PEA in patients with established CIPN. Methods: Eligible patients were adults who had pain, numbness, tingling, or other symptoms of CIPN for at least three months following completion of paclitaxel, oxaliplatin, or cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Study patients were randomized to one of the two treatment groups (PEA versus placebo, both administered either once or twice daily). The CIPN20 questionnaire was assessed weekly. Results: A total of 17 males and 71 females participated in the study; most had neuropathy from paclitaxel. Most (85%) finished 8 weeks of treatment. There was no suggestion that either of the PEA arms did any better than the combined placebo arms. There was no signal of significant toxicity differences between the three study arms. Quality of life outcome measures were similar between the study arms, as were cognitive function evaluations. Discussion: PEA failed to improve established CIPN. Future trials might explore whether PEA may be effective in preventing CIPN or cognitive changes based on data that suggest it may be helpful in this situation. Conclusions: PEA failed to improve established chemotherapy-induced neuropathy.