Citations

The NCCN Guidelines for Melanoma: Cutaneous provide strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with cutaneous melanoma, which is among the most common cancers in the United States. The outcome of cutaneous melanoma is significantly influenced by stage at initial presentation. Generally, localized disease and smaller primary tumors have been associated with more favorable prognosis. Thus, the select content featured in this issue focuses on risk factors associated with cutaneous melanoma development and which should be considered during an initial assessment. These include (1) phenotypic predispositions, (2) personal medical history or comorbidities, (3) genetic predispositions, and (4) environmental factors.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and/or other tissues. It is the most common form of acute leukemia among adults and accounts for the largest number of annual deaths from leukemias in the United States. 1 The NCCN Guidelines Panel for AML convenes annually to update recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of AML in adults. These recommendations are based on a review of recently published clinical trials that have led to significant improvements in treatment or have yielded new information regarding biologic factors that may have prognostic importance. These NCCN Guidelines Insights summarize the panel’s most recent recommendations regarding the monitoring and management of measurable (minimal) residual disease.

ABSTRACT Apheresis medicine is a continually evolving field with numerous studies published each year. To help apheresis practitioners stay up to date with the current literature, members of the American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) Attending Physician Subcommittee identified and summarized 10 seminal articles published in 2025, from the field of apheresis medicine. PubMed was used to identify articles published in four topics including donor apheresis, therapeutic apheresis, apheresis education, and apheresis collection for cellular therapy. These articles met at least one of the following criteria: novel findings, practice‐altering outcomes, international in scope, randomized‐controlled trial, relevant to current clinical practice, and/or provide evidence for category III or IV indications based on the ASFA 9th Special Issue of the Guidelines on the Use of Therapeutic Apheresis in Clinical Practice‐Evidence‐Based Approach. Full length, peer‐reviewed manuscripts in English with data from human subjects were included while case reports, review articles, and meta‐analyses were excluded.

Purpose of review Circadian clocks are increasingly recognized as fundamental regulators of innate immune function, yet their relevance to allergy and clinical immunology has only recently been clarified. This review summarizes emerging evidence linking circadian regulation of innate immune cells to allergic inflammation and highlights the translational potential of circadian-informed therapeutic strategies. Recent findings Core clock components are rhythmically expressed in macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils and innate lymphoid cells, where they regulate inflammatory signalling, immunometabolism and activation thresholds. Disruption of these rhythms exaggerates cytokine production, inflammasome activation and mast cell mediator release, contributing to diurnal patterns of allergic disease such as nocturnal asthma. Human and experimental studies demonstrate that circadian misalignment driven by shift work, irregular sleep and mistimed feeding amplifies innate inflammation and worsens allergic outcomes. Summary Circadian regulation represents an underappreciated dimension of innate immunity in allergic disease. Aligning immunomodulatory therapies, vaccination, and lifestyle interventions with endogenous immune rhythms offers a rational approach to improving efficacy and reducing inflammatory burden. Future studies should prioritize time-stratified clinical trials and direct circadian phenotyping in allergic populations.

Background: Achilles tendon ruptures are among the most debilitating injuries in professional basketball, often leading to prolonged absence and long-term performance decline. While calf strains are common among National Basketball Association (NBA) athletes, their role as a precursor to Achilles rupture remains poorly understood. Hypothesis: A previous calf strain would be associated with increased odds of Achilles tendon rupture in NBA players and that affected players would experience significant post-injury performance declines. Study Design: Case-cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Publicly available data on NBA players from 1958 to 2024 were analyzed, with the data search conducted in June 2025. Players with Achilles ruptures (n = 60) were compared with players with calf strains who did not sustain a rupture (n = 258). Logistic regression adjusted for age, body mass index, position, starter status, and workload. Pre- and postinjury performance was evaluated over 2 seasons using paired t tests. Descriptive analyses characterized injury laterality, game context, quarter, shoe type, and draft position. Video review assessed injury mechanisms. Results: Previous calf strain was associated with increased odds of Achilles rupture (odds ratio, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.16-5.22; P = .02). Among those with both injuries, 85.7% occurred on the same side, with a mean interval of 1.9 years. Of all players, a total of 75% returned to play. Postinjury declines were observed in player efficiency rating (−2.46), win shares (−3.23), games played (−260.3), and minutes per game (−5.19) (all P < .001). Return was more likely in younger players and those on multiyear contracts. Video analysis revealed a consistent “false step” mechanism in 95% of cases with footage. Most Achilles tendon ruptures occurred during in-game activity, while shoe type was evaluated descriptively and was not associated with player position or preinjury workload. Conclusion: Our study showed that previous calf strain is associated with an increased risk of Achilles tendon rupture in NBA players and may serve as a clinically identifiable risk marker. Rupture leads to substantial and sustained performance decline, even among those who return. Targeted rehabilitation and movement retraining may help mitigate progression to rupture in high-risk athletes.

A structured approach for interpreting postoperative imaging of the anterolateral abdominal wall integrates anatomic knowledge with surgical techniques and their associated complication patterns.

Articles published in Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging in 2025 highlight advances in cardiothoracic imaging through technical innovation, quantitative biomarkers, and artificial intelligence applications that support improved diagnosis, risk stratification, and patient-centered management across cardiac, vascular, and thoracic disease.

Abstract Objective Invasive presurgical evaluation plays a key role in pediatric epilepsy surgery, particularly in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐negative cases, by guiding resective, disconnective, or ablative procedures. This International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Taskforce study provides an updated global overview of current invasive evaluation practices. Methods Group‐level data were collected from 61 epilepsy surgery programs (49 pediatric‐only) in 29 countries across six continents. Included were children and adolescents who underwent presurgical evaluation and epilepsy surgery in 2023. The study was designed to enable comparison with the similar ILAE survey conducted in 2004. Results A total of 2427 patients were included. Invasive evaluations were performed in 21.1% of cases, most frequently in North America (33.7%, higher than Europe: 18.0%, p = .003). Among invasive cases, 32.3% had no detectable MRI abnormalities. The main indication for invasive evaluation was seizure onset localization (88.1%), followed by motor or sensory mapping (17.2%) and language mapping (14.2%). Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) was the predominant technique (19.8% overall, 93.6% of invasive cases), more common in North America (30.0%, p = .021) and less common in South America (7.4%, p < .001). Subdural electrodes were used in only 3.2% of invasive cases, and combined depth and subdural approaches in 3.2%. SEEG‐guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RF‐TC) was performed in 40.9% of SEEG cases, most commonly in Asia (63.8%). In 16.2% of invasive evaluations, patients did not proceed to resection, disconnection, or ablation, with the highest rate in Europe (28.5%). Significance This global survey provides the first broad overview of invasive evaluation practices in pediatric epilepsy surgery across participating centers worldwide. It highlights the widespread adoption of SEEG, declining use of subdural electrodes, and increasing application of SEEG‐guided RF‐TC. The high proportion of MRI‐negative cases and the considerable proportion of patients not proceeding to resection, disconnection, or ablation underscore the complexity of contemporary surgical candidates and the need for further refinement of selection strategies.

Abstract The minichromosome maintenance 2-7 (MCM2-7) proteins form a hexameric protein complex that is the structural core of replicative helicase, which is essential for accurate DNA replication. While their role in replication is well-established, the biological functions of excess chromatin-bound MCM2-7 proteins remain unclear. Here, we identify a transcriptional regulatory function of MCM2-7 through its interaction with nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65. We demonstrate that MCM2-7 proteins and NF-κB p65 reciprocally recruit each other to target gene promoters. Consequently, MCM2-7 proteins facilitate the localization of RNA Pol II to NF-κB target gene promoters and along the gene body, thereby promoting transcription of NF-κB target genes. These findings reveal MCM2-7 proteins promote NF-κB target gene transcription by facilitating p65 and RNA Pol II recruitment, offering a potential avenue for fine-tuning NF-κB target gene transcription.

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives Converging evidence hints at neurodevelopmental effects in genetic frontotemporal degeneration (FTD). In cross-sectional studies, for some genes, young adult FTD variant carriers show differences in brain volumes and cognition compared to familial non-carriers. However, longitudinal trajectories may more sensitively capture FTD-related neurodevelopmental vs. neurodegenerative changes than cross-sectional approaches. This study examined longitudinal trajectories of brain volumes, executive function, and plasma biomarkers in young adult carriers compared to familial non-carriers, as measures of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative outcomes of FTD-causing variants. Methods This longitudinal cohort study comprised participants, aged 18-30 years, from the FTD Prevention Initiative across Europe, Canada, and the USA. Genetic groups included C9orf72 (47%), MAPT (30%), and GRN (23%). Linear mixed-effects models were computed to assess longitudinal outcomes across age between groups, controlling for sex, scanner (for brain volumes), and education (for executive function); random effects accounted for between-subject variability nested within family membership. Results Variant carriers ( n =147) and familial non-carriers ( n =113) did not differ in age (mean±SD, 25.9±3.2 years), sex (53% female), or number of visits (2.1±1.7). Young adult C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers exhibited smaller thalamic volumes than non-carriers at the reference age of 26 years ( b =-982.8mm 3 , SE=317.0, p= 0.0046, f 2 =0.32), with relatively stable trajectories across ages 18-30 (i.e., no change over time). Trajectories of rostral anterior cingulate volumes differed in C9orf72 carriers and non-carriers across age, where carriers showed relatively stable trajectories and non-carriers showed age-appropriate declines ( b =64.4mm 3 , SE=29.9, p= 0.035, f 2 =0.07). For MAPT and GRN , there were little to no differences in total brain, cortical, or subcortical volumes between groups and over time. No longitudinal differences were observed between carriers and non-carriers in executive function, or plasma NfL or GFAP for any genetic group. Discussion C9orf72 repeat expansions were linked to smaller average thalamic volumes and stable trajectories between ages 18 to 30, supporting potential neurodevelopmental origins. The modest evidence supporting an absence of difference in neurodegenerative biomarkers and executive function suggests minimal early neurodegeneration and functional preservation in young adulthood.