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Cardio-oncology has emerged as a critical discipline in modern medicine due to the growing population of cancer survivors and the increasing recognition of cardiovascular disease as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. While there have been significant advances in chemotherapy such as advances in chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and radiation therapy, these treatments are linked to a wide range of cardiovascular toxicities such as myocarditis, arrhythmias, and progressive fibrotic remodeling. These toxicities tend to be caused by interrelated and multifactorial cellular processes including endothelial damage, immunological dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, early diagnosis of subclinical harm using multimodal surveillance strategies integrating clinical risk assessment, specialized clinical imaging, and circulating biomarkers has replaced reactive care of overt cardiotoxicity in modern cardio-oncology. Echocardiographic techniques such as longitudinal strain, with the help of biomarker-guided surveillance of natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponins, have made the early detection of cardiac dysfunction more effective. However, the current prediction risk models are still constrained and limited by their dependence on static clinical variables and their partial integration of biological mechanisms. This review examines the current methods for risk stratification and surveillance throughout the cancer care continuum, including baseline assessment, monitoring during active therapy, and long-term survivorship surveillance. Future approaches for tailored cardiovascular care are also highlighted, including new advances in precision cardio-oncology such as multi-omics profiling, molecular biomarkers, artificial intelligence, and mechanism-guided preventative strategies. Therefore, advancing biologically informed and risk-adapted monitoring frameworks may enhance early diagnosis, maximize cardioprotective measures, and lower long-term cardiovascular consequences.

Importance Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are associated with increased risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). The risk of sight-threatening complications associated with GLP-1 RAs is underexamined. Objective To investigate whether the use of GLP-1 RAs in patients with T2D is associated with the development of DR, NAION, or DR complications. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study of adults (aged ≥18 years) with T2D and a recent hemoglobin A 1c level of 6.5% or higher was conducted between January 1, 2015, and September 30, 2022, using the TriNetX database. The cohort was divided into 2 groups, adjusted for baseline characteristics through propensity score matching (PSM), based on whether the individuals received prescriptions for a GLP-1 RA. The statistical analysis was conducted on October 10, 2024. Exposures At least 2 prescriptions of a GLP-1 RA given 6 months apart. Main Outcomes and Measures Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate the primary outcome: association between GLP-1 RAs and the risk of incident DR, NAION, or sight-threatening complications over a 2-year follow-up period. Results After PSM, 185 066 individuals (mean [SD] age, 59.0 [12.5] years; 93 389 females [50.5%]) were prescribed GLP-1 receptor agonists. Use of GLP-1 RAs was associated with an increased incidence of DR (hazard ratio [HR], 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03-1.11), while no statistically significant difference was observed in the risk of NAION (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.94-1.70). In a subgroup analysis of 32 695 patients with preexisting DR, GLP-1 RAs were not associated with progression to proliferative DR (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.97-1.15) or diabetic macular edema (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.95-1.01) but were associated with a lower occurrence of vitreous hemorrhages (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.68-0.80), neovascular glaucoma (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68-0.88), or blindness (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.73-0.82). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of individuals with T2D, GLP-1 RA use was associated with a modestly increased risk of incident DR; however, fewer patients experienced sight-threatening DR complications, including blindness, even among those with preexisting DR. These findings suggest that all patients with T2D treated with GLP-1 RAs, regardless of preexisting DR, should be regularly screened and monitored for potential complications of T2D.

Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic (CKM) syndrome symbolizes a single pathophysiologic entity including obesity, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. These conditions altogether accelerate adverse outcomes when they coexist. Recent evidence has shown that the function of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) alleviate stress on multiple organs. SGLT2i has been demonstrated to benefit heart failure, hemodynamic regulation, and renal protection while GLP-1RA on the other hand has been shown to demonstrate a strong impact on glycemic management, weight loss, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This review will aim to understand and evaluate the mechanistic rationalization, clinical evidence, and the potential therapeutic treatment of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists to treat individuals who have CKM syndrome. This analysis also assesses whether combination therapy can be a synergistic approach that may benefit patients but is still underutilized because of the lack of clear guidelines, the associated costs, and disparities in accessibility. Therefore, in this review, we will be discussing the combination therapy’s additive and synergistic effects, current recommendations and clinical evidence, and mechanistic insights of these GLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in CKM syndrome patients. Overall, early and combination usage of GLP-1RA and SGLT2i may be essential to demonstrating a significant shift in modern cardiometabolic therapy toward patient-centered care.

Background Although micro‐ and nanoplastics are an emerging risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, the association of marine microplastic levels (MMLs) with the burden of cardiometabolic diseases at a population level remains unexplored. We investigated the relationship between the mean microplastic concentration in ocean water within 200 nautical miles of the US coastline and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke in nearby counties. Methods Microplastic concentration data within 200 nautical miles of the US coastline were geospatially analyzed to calculate mean MMLs. The coastal counties were stratified into 4 categories based on MMLs in the adjacent ocean water body: low, medium, high, or very high. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2019 to 2020 survey data were used to identify the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke in these counties. Univariate and population‐weighted multivariate quasi‐Poisson regression, adjusted for county‐level confounding variables, was used to evaluate the unadjusted and adjusted associations between disease prevalence and MMLs. Results The mean age of the population was 43±6 years. After adjusting for age, sex, physician access, and socioenvironmental vulnerabilities at the county level, counties with very high MMLs exhibited an 18%, 7%, and 9% higher adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke, respectively, compared with those with low levels. Conclusion Marine microplastic levels were significantly associated with the prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases in coastal counties. Comprehensive studies at an individual level are needed to further investigate the health impacts of microplastic pollution.

ABSTRACT Background Obesity is an important risk factor associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). The impact of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) on recurrent AF among patients undergoing catheter ablation is not well described. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of GLP‐1 RA on the recurrence of AF among obese patients after catheter ablation. Methods Utilizing the TriNetX research network, we identified patients aged over 18 with obesity (BMI ≥ 30) who underwent AF ablation from January 1, 2015, to December 1, 2022, using Current Procedural Terminology codes. Patients were categorized based on their baseline GLP‐1 RA use. Through propensity‐score matching, each cohort comprised 1558 patients. The primary outcome encompassed a composite of cardioversion, initiation of new antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy, or redo AF ablation. Additional outcomes during the 12‐month follow‐up included AF readmission, heart failure readmissions, readmissions due to ischemic stroke, and mortality, with a separate analysis done for patients with BMI > 40. Results GLP‐1 RA use in patients with obesity undergoing AF ablation was linked to a significantly reduced risk of cardioversion, new AAD therapy, and the need for redo AF ablation (hazard ratio [HR] 0.72 [0.65–0.80]; p < 0.001). At 12 months, individuals on GLP‐1 agonists exhibited a lower likelihood of mortality (HR 0.61 [0.40–0.93]; p < 0.001). Although all other secondary outcomes were lower in the GLP‐1 RA group, there was no significant difference in ischemic stroke between the groups. These results were consistent among patients with BMI > 40, although apart from ischemic stroke, there was no difference in mortality between the two groups. Conclusion The utilization of GLP‐1 RA in individuals with obesity is linked to a decreased likelihood of arrhythmia recurrence following AF ablation, leading to a reduced requirement for cardioversion, AAD therapy, or redo AF ablation.

ABSTRACTBackgroundMicroplastics are emerging as environmental pollutants with potential neurotoxic effects, yet their association with neurological disabilities remains largely unexplored.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study comprising 218 coastal counties in the United States, we compared the self‐reported prevalence of cognitive disability, mobility disability, self‐care disability, and independent living disability in counties with very high and low marine microplastic levels (MMLs). Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) were computed using population‐weighted quasi‐Poisson regression across three different models to examine the relationship between disability prevalence and MMLs.ResultsCounties exposed to very high marine microplastic levels had a higher mean prevalence of self‐reported cognitive disability (15.2% vs. 13.9%), mobility disability (14.1% vs. 12.3%), self‐care disability (4.2% vs. 3.6%), and independent living disability (8.5% vs. 7.7%) compared to those exposed to low levels (p < 0.001). Regression analyses revealed significantly elevated adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) for cognitive (PR: 1.09 [95% CI: 1.06–1.12], p < 0.001), mobility (PR: 1.06 [1.03–1.10], p < 0.001), self‐care (PR: 1.16 [1.11–1.20], p < 0.001), and independent living disability (PR: 1.08 [1.05–1.12], p < 0.001) in counties with very high microplastic exposure compared to those with low exposure.ConclusionsThis study highlights a significant association between marine microplastic pollution and the self‐reported prevalence of cognitive, mobility, self‐care, and independent living disabilities at the county level. While merely associative, these findings emphasize the urgent need for further investigation into the individual‐level health impacts of microplastic exposure and underscore the importance of environmental interventions to mitigate potential risks.

Abstract Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is relatively less frequent in younger patients (age<50). Recently, studies have suggested that early restoration of sinus rhythm may lead to improved outcomes compared with rate control. Methods: We included all hospitalized patients between 18 and 50 years with a diagnosis of AF from the Nationwide Readmission Database 2016-2017 from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Demographic and comorbidity data were collected and analyzed. Outcomes assessed included one-year AF readmission rates, all-cause readmission, ischemic stroke, and all-cause mortality. Subgroup analyses were performed for all demographic and comorbidity variables.Results: Overall, 52,598 patients (medium age 44, interquartile range 38-48, female 25.7%) were included in the study, including 2,146 (4.0%) who underwent catheter ablation for AF. Patients who underwent catheter ablation had a significantly lower rate of readmission for AF or any cause at one year (adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of 0.52 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43-0.63] and HR of 0.81 [95% CI: 0.72 - 0.89], respectively). There was no difference in 1-year readmission for stroke or all-cause mortality between the two groups. Subgroup analyses showed a consistent reduction in the risk of AF readmission among major demographic and comorbidity subgroups.Conclusion: Catheter ablation in young patients with AF was associated with a reduction in 1-year AF related and all-cause readmissions. These data merit further prospective investigation for validation.

Introduction: In the last two decades, risk factors, prevalence, and mortality due to coronary artery disease in young adults is on the rise. Hypothesis: Assess the prevalence, trends, and economic burden of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in young adults (18-44 years). Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was explored for hospitalizations with VT in patients (Age 19-44) between 2005-2018 and divided among 3 groups of the quadrennial period using validated ICD-9 and ICD-10 CM codes. The Pearson chi-square test and Student’s t-test were used for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. We assessed the temporal trends of mortality in VT as well as trends of VT stratified by age, sex, and race by the linear-by-linear association test (Figure 1). Results: Out of 5,156,326 patients were admitted with VT between 2005-2018, 309,636 were in young adults. Among them, 102,433 were admitted between 2005-2009 (mean age 36.1±6.99; 61% male, 58.5% white), 109,591 between 2010-2014 (mean age 35.5±7.16; 59% male, 54.2% white), and 97,495 between 2015-2018 (mean age 35.4±7.00; 60% male, 52.3% white) (p<0.0001). In the young adults with VT, all-cause mortality was 7.37% from 2005-2009, 7.85% from 2010-2014 (6.5% relative increase from 2005-2009), and 8.98% from 2015-2018 (relative increase of 14.4% from 2010-2014) (p<0.0001). Inflation adjusted cost increased over the years [$12,177 in 2005-2009; $13,249 in 2010-2014; $15,807 in 2015-2018; p<0.0001)]. Conclusions: The prevalence of VT in young individuals is rising. VT-related mortality and healthcare utilization costs are on the rise in the study period. VT burden and poor outcomes were notable for Black males. Further studies are required for targeted screening and preventative measures in young adults.

Introduction: Real-world data on the significance of adding a defibrillator to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT-D) in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) are limited. Hypothesis: CRT-D is associated with a lower risk of mortality and heart failure (HF) readmissions compared to CRT-P in NICM. Methods: We identified patients with NICM who underwent CRT-D and CRT without an ICD (CRT-P) by analyzing the nationwide readmission database from October 2015- December 2018 and using appropriate ICD-10 CM codes. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for the confounders. Kaplan Meier curves were utilized for time to event analysis. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to generate hazard ratios. All-cause mortality at 6 months was the primary outcome whereas readmission due to HF and any other cause at 6 months were defined as secondary outcomes. Results: Post-PSM, 3054 patients with NICM underwent CRT-P, and 2863 patients underwent CRT-D placement. CRT-D did not show any benefit over CRT-P in reducing all-cause mortality at 6 months (2.92% vs. 2.79%, HR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.61-1.16, p=0.29). Similarly, there was no difference in terms of readmissions due to other causes among both groups of patients (36.25% vs. 31.85%, HR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.89-1.08, p=0.77). However, patients with CRT-P implantations had a lower risk of HF readmissions compared to the CRT-D group (10.05% vs. 14.25%, HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.58-0.79, p<0.0001). Conclusions: The addition of a defibrillator to CRT failed to show a survival benefit in patients with NICM. Moreover, HF readmissions were higher in CRT-D patients compared to CRT-P.