Citations 2
Sex differences in neuromodulatory subcortical systems and their implications for Alzheimer's disease
Rae, Rosaria J., Alberhasky, Jessica Marie Hunter, Bangasser, Debra A. , Berteotti, Chiara, Bow, Hannah, Caldwell, Jessica Z. K., Carpi, Matteo , Ciampa, Claire J., Ehrenberg, Alexander J. , Fenlon, Haley A., Fitzhugh, Megan C. , Gallay, Clara , Hamilton, Derek A. , Hasan, Zia , Huarte, Oihane Uriarte , Jabeen, Shaista , Kolling, Louis John , Liguori, Claudio , Omoluabi, Tamunotonye, Pa, Judy, Pentkowski, Nathan S. , Pereira, Joana B., Ramos, Rhudovic R., Sargin, Derya , Seto, Mabel, Shaik, Shabana M. , Ucheagwu, Valentine , Kelberman, Michael A. , Grinberg, Lea Tenenholz, Satpati, Abhijit, Son, Gowoon, Rae, Rosaria Josephine, Baillet, Marion , Belloy, Michaël E. , Berry, Anne S. , Berteotti, Chiara , Bow, Hannah, Buckley, Rachel F. , Caldwell, Jessica K. , Clark, Benjamin J. , Conley, Alexander C. , Dahl, Martin J. , Donaldson, Zoe R. , Einstein, Gillian , Falgàs, Neus , Froemke, Robert C. , Grinberg, Lea T. , Jacobs, Heidi I.L. , Koops, Elouise A. , Lenzoni, Sabrina , Manca, Riccardo , Marcinkiewcz, Catherine Anne , Omoluabi, Tamunotonye, Oria, Rademene Sunday , Orsini, Caitlin A. , Ortega, Nancy Elizabeth , Pa, Judy , Pereira, Joana B. , Satpati, Abhijit , Sellés, María Clara , Seto, Mabel , Sindi, Shireen , Son, Gowoon , Egroo, Maxime Van , Yuan, Qi
Alzheimer's & Dementia | March 19, 2026 | Volume: 22 | Issue: 3 | Pages: No page available
Abstract Neuromodulatory subcortical systems (NSSs) are uniquely susceptible to dementia‐related pathology, leading to frequent molecular and behavioral impairments associated with altered function of these nuclei. Some of these systems display clear sex‐specific cytoarchitecture and signaling leading to distinct physiology and behavioral outputs in males and females, while other regions display nominal sex differences. However, the relevance of sex differences in modulating dysfunction of NSSs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias is not well understood. This review is a joint effort by the Neuromodulatory Subcortical Systems and Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Areas of the Alzheimer's Association. We review sex differences in NSSs, both in non‐disease states and in AD models and patients. We highlight the possible role of NSSs in driving sex‐specific AD susceptibility and potential footholds for sex‐based interventions targeting these systems. We conclude by outlining immediate and long‐term actions to address the intersection of NSSs, sex, and AD.
Vascular dysfunction—The disregarded partner of Alzheimer's disease
Sweeney, Melanie D. , Montagne, Axel , Nation, Daniel A. , Schneider, Lon S. , Chui, Helena C., Harrington, Michael G. , Pa, Judy , Law, Meng , Wang, Danny J.J. , Jacobs, Russell E. , Doubal, Fergus , Ramirez, Joel , Dichgans, Martin , Love, Seth , Bath, Philip M. , Markus, Hugh S. , Salman, Rustam Al‐Shahi , Kalaria, Rajesh N., Werring, David J. , Moskowitz, Michael A., Katušić, Zvonimir S. , Lazarov, Orly , Rehman, Jalees , Wellington, Cheryl L. , González, Héctor M. , Yuan, Chun , Lockhart, Samuel N. , Hughes, Timothy M. , Chen, Christopher , Sachdev, Perminder S. , O’Brien, John T. , Pantoni, Leonardo , Gustafson, Deborah , Biessels, Geert Jan , Wallin, Anders , Wong, Adrian , Passmore, Peter , Barkof, Frederick, Muller, Majon , Román, Gustavo C. , Hamel, Édith , Seshadri, Sudha , Buchem, Mark A. van , Arvanitakis, Zoe , Drewes, Lester R. , Hachinski, Vladimir , Wardlaw, Joanna M. , Kalaria, Raj N. , Dichgans, Martin , O'Brien, John Tiernan , Wardlaw, Joanna Marguerite , Seshadri, Sudha , Sachdev, Perminder S , Sagare, Abhay P. , Chui, Helena C. , Black, Sandra E. , Nedergaard, Maiken , Benveniste, Helene , Iadecola, Costantino , Allan, Stuart McRae , Quinn, Terence J , Carare, Roxana Octavia , Touyz, Rhian M. , Williams, Steven , Lutz, Sarah E. , Minshall, Richard D. , Davis, Thomas P. , Gonzalez, Hector M , Skoog, Ingmar , Biessels, Geert Jan , Smith, Eric Edward , Mok, Vincent , Breteler, Monique M.B. , Gottesman, Rebecca F. , Schneider, Julie A. , Finch, Caleb E. , Toga, Arthur W. , Zloković, Berislav V. , Al-Shahi Salman, Rustam , Werring, David John , Wang, Danny J J
Alzheimer's & Dementia | January 11, 2019 | Volume: 15 | Issue: 1 | Pages: 158-167
Abstract Increasing evidence recognizes Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a multifactorial and heterogeneous disease with multiple contributors to its pathophysiology, including vascular dysfunction. The recently updated AD Research Framework put forth by the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association describes a biomarker‐based pathologic definition of AD focused on amyloid, tau, and neuronal injury. In response to this article, here we first discussed evidence that vascular dysfunction is an important early event in AD pathophysiology. Next, we examined various imaging sequences that could be easily implemented to evaluate different types of vascular dysfunction associated with, and/or contributing to, AD pathophysiology, including changes in blood‐brain barrier integrity and cerebral blood flow. Vascular imaging biomarkers of small vessel disease of the brain, which is responsible for >50% of dementia worldwide, including AD, are already established, well characterized, and easy to recognize. We suggest that these vascular biomarkers should be incorporated into the AD Research Framework to gain a better understanding of AD pathophysiology and aid in treatment efforts.