Citations

BACKGROUND: Intraventricular hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage are associated with neuroinflammation and increased morbidity and mortality. Rapid clearance of blood from the cerebrospinal fluid space may mitigate neuroinflammatory cascades and improve clinical outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness of active cerebrospinal fluid exchange, including neuroendoscopic lavage and IRRAflow systems, versus external ventricular drainage in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage. METHODS: The study followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and thoroughly assessed databases, including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science, up to September 18, 2025. Statistical analysis, both fixed-effect and random-effect model analyses, was performed by the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. In addition, the Cochran Q test was conducted to determine the statistical heterogeneity. In terms of low heterogeneity, the fixed-effect model is reported. RESULTS: This review included 7 studies with a total sample size of 834. Our analysis showed that active cerebrospinal fluid exchange was associated with significantly higher hematoma clearance (odds ratio, 2.72 [95% CI, 1.22–6.08]; P =0.015), better functional outcomes (odds ratio, 1.66 [95% CI, 1.12–2.48]; P =0.012), lower shunt dependency (odds ratio, 0.22 [95% CI, 0.10–0.50]; P <0.001), and reduced infection rates (odds ratio, 0.22 [95% CI, 0.12–0.42]; P <0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that neuroendoscopic lavage was most effective for hematoma clearance, while IRRAflow reduced infection rates. Also, younger patients had better neurological recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Active cerebrospinal fluid exchange techniques demonstrated superior outcomes over external ventricular drainage in managing intraventricular hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, particularly in clot resolution and neurological recovery. Large-scale trials are warranted.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prospective single-arm nonrandomized SCENT (Surpass Intracranial Aneurysm Embolization System Pivotal) trial on flow diverter treatment of large and giant intracranial aneurysms (IA) was analyzed for patients' age and IA characteristics affecting stroke and occlusion rates over 5 years (Trial registration NCT01716117). METHODS: Impact on major ipsilateral stroke and IA occlusion was studied by stratifying age as 65 years and younger vs older than 65. Kaplan–Meier estimates of time to both endpoints, stratified by age, were created. Univariate predictors of time-to-stroke were analyzed using univariable proportional hazards regression models. Limited bivariable modeling was also attempted. RESULTS: Of 180 patients with large or giant IA enrolled, 119 were 65 years and younger, whereas 61 were older than 65 years. The 3-year risk of stroke for the older than 65 years group (19.7%) was more than double that of the 65 years and younger group (9.2%), P = .047. No new strokes were reported between 3 and 5 years. Four patients (2.2%) experienced aneurysm rupture within the first week post-treatment, 3 being 65 years and younger and the fourth older than 65 (>.99). Complete IA occlusion within age strata at 1 year was: older than 65 60% (33/55), 65 years and younger 79.1% (87/110), P = .009, 3 years: older than 65 67.6% (25/37), 65 years and younger 82.5% (66/80), P = .071, and 5 years: older than 65 85.7% (18/21), 65 years and younger 91.8% (56/61), P = .417. CONCLUSION: Age older than 65 was associated with an increased risk of stroke and predictive of incomplete healing and increased time to healing.

Abstract Purpose Although the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device is increasingly used for the treatment of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms, including in the acute rupture setting, comparative evidence assessing the impact of rupture status remains limited. This study compared angiographic, safety, and clinical outcomes between ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with WEB. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from the multicenter cohort registry WorldWideWEB, including consecutive adult patients with intracranial aneurysms treated with the WEB. Patients were stratified into groups of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. Propensity score matching was used to balance baseline characteristics between both groups. Retreatment rate was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included mRS, safety events (thromboembolic complications) and angiographic outcomes (periprocedurally and last follow-up). Results Among 1,220 patients, 342 (28.0%) presented with ruptured aneurysms. There was no significant difference in the rate of thromboembolic complications between groups (11.8% vs 5.9%, p = 0.056). At follow-up, adequate occlusion was lower (82.2% vs 93.3%, p < 0.002) and functional outcomes were worse (mRS ≥2 in 34.1% vs 21.9%, p = 0.012) among patients with ruptured aneurysms. Periprocedural adequate occlusion (53.3% vs 53.8%, p>0.9) and retreatment rates (11.8% vs 7.1%, p = 0.14) did not differ between groups after matching. Conclusion Ruptured aneurysms demonstrated expected inferior follow-up functional and angiographic outcomes when compared with unruptured aneurysms, but no difference in retreatment rate and procedural safety. These findings support WEB as a safe and effective treatment option for appropriately selected ruptured intracranial aneurysms in routine clinical practice.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) are increasingly detected and require careful management to prevent rupture. No externally validated score currently predicts procedural risk to guide treatment decisions. We developed and validated 2 predictive scores for complications after endovascular treatment (EVT) or neurosurgical treatment (NT) of UIA using routinely collected clinical and aneurysmal features. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study including patients with UIA treated with EVT or NT across 15 neurovascular centers (2014-2024). Predictive models were built using multivariable logistic regression, with variables derived from Delphi consensus. The primary outcome was a composite safety end point: new neurological deficits, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) worsening (≥1 point or mRS 2-5 within 30 days), or procedural death. Internal validation used bootstrapping, and external validation was performed temporally and institutionally. Model performance was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and calibration. Final scores, named Morbidity and Mortality Associated Risk in the Treatment of UIAs (MARTA)-EVT and MARTA-NT, were compared with existing models identified through systematic review. RESULTS: Among 2647 patients (1907 EVT and 740 NT), procedural complications occurred in 6.3% (EVT) and 12.8% (NT). Independent predictors included age, baseline mRS, aneurysm location, size, morphology, and procedural factors. MARTA-EVT (AUROC = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.57-0.78) and MARTA-NT (AUROC = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.54-0.77) showed moderate discrimination and good calibration. MARTA-EVT outperformed existing models; MARTA-NT performed similarly to SAFETEA. Predictive models are available open-source: https://martascoreapp.shinyapps.io/martascoreapp/. CONCLUSION: MARTA-EVT and MARTA-NT are validated tools for predicting procedural risks in UIA treatment and may support patient counseling and clinical decision making.

Background Advancement in neurointervention is frequently driven by the introduction of new technology and devices that improve procedural efficacy and patient outcomes. For physician-innovators, customer discovery—or the process of directly engaging with end users to explore workflows and associated challenges—offers a structured way to identify meaningful problems and guide early innovation. This primer aims to outline stepwise guidance for conducting customer discovery within neurointervention to characterize key areas of unmet need. Methods We detail stepwise guidance for conducting customer discovery founded on foundational business literature. To illustrate this process, we conducted five interviews with expert neurointerventionalists engaged in clinical innovation. Interview transcripts were reviewed and analyzed to track emerging themes, and responses were synthesized into a neurointerventionalist customer profile. Results Responses from interviewed neurointerventionalists suggested that safer vascular access, tools to support treatment prognostication, and condition-specific device design are unmet areas of need. Moreover, interviews revealed broader concerns about stagnation in device innovation and barriers within regulatory and institutional pathways. Conclusions Structured customer discovery identifies unmet needs that may be overlooked when device development is solely driven by technical breakthroughs or published outcomes. By outlining an actionable framework for customer discovery in neurointervention, we provide a practical model for aligning future innovation with real-world clinical challenges.

Introduction Post‐market and multicenter studies report low complete occlusion rates (41‐49%) and higher retreatment rates (13%) following WEB deployment, compared to 3.8% with microsurgical clipping. While retreatment after WEB has been shown to be technically feasible, data on final angiographic outcomes remain limited. We performed a retrospective analysis of prospective databases from 14 cerebrovascular centers in the US to compare the safety and efficacy of retreatment versus continued observation for residual and recurrent aneurysms after initial WEB deployment. Materials/Methods Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify baseline characteristics of untreated and residual/recurrent aneurysms that may act as confounders, which then underwent propensity scored matching (PSM). Results Among 211 patients (125 observed, 86 retreated), retreatment was more common in initially ruptured aneurysms (p<0.001), which showed higher recurrence (p=0.036) and sac‐dominant residuals (p=0.004). These were primarily due to WEB compression on follow‐up (p=0.001), rather than incomplete occlusion with an appropriately sized device (p<0.001). Retreatment was associated with significantly higher rates of complete angiographic occlusion at last follow‐up compared to observation alone (p<0.001), a finding that remained consistent across subgroups defined by initial unruptured status, residual type, and recurrence patterns (all p<0.05). Clipping demonstrated higher, though statistically insignificant, rates of complete occlusion; flow diversion and stent‐assisted coil embolization yielded comparable complete occlusion rates at follow‐up. After propensity score matching, retreatment remained significantly associated with higher rates of complete angiographic occlusion (all p<0.05), with comparable outcomes observed between clipping and various endovascular approaches as above. Conclusion Retreatment improved complete occlusion rates; however, no aneurysmal hemorrhages occurred in either group. Further intervention may be unnecessary when the WEB device—whether compressed or intact (BOSS 0/1)—adequately protects the dome. In cases where WEB compression significantly exposes the aneurysm wall, stent‐assisted coiling or flow diversion can be performed safely and successfully, depending on vascular anatomy and surgeon preference. image image

Background The Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device represents an innovative solution for cerebral aneurysm occlusion, particularly for challenging wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms. However, factors affecting sustained occlusion remain poorly understood. We utilized machine learning to attempt to identify predictors of favorable long-term outcomes following WEB treatment. Methods In this multicenter retrospective study, we collected patient demographics, aneurysm characteristics, procedural details, and clinical outcomes. The primary endpoint was improvement in occlusion status, defined as maintained Raymond-Roy Occlusion Classification (RROC) grade 1, or improvement from grade 2 to 1, or from grade 3 to either 2 or 1 on final angiographic follow up. The dataset was split into training (75%) and validation (25%) sets. The CatBoost algorithm was selected based on performance metrics, with Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values calculated to determine feature importance. Furthermore, a multivariable binomial logistic regression model was performed to validate machine learning findings. Results Among 720 aneurysms from 36 hospitals, 84% showed improvement in occlusion at follow up. Both machine learning and multivariable logistic regression identified aneurysm height as the most consistent correlate of nonimprovement (odds ratio (OR) 0.90 per mm, p = 0.022). In the CatBoost model, the highest-ranking features by SHAP included aneurysm height, patient age, treatment acuity, ACom location, WEB-SLS device, bifurcation anatomy, aneurysm multiplicity, baseline modified Rankin Scale, access route, and partial thrombosis. Conclusions Machine-learning and regression analyses identified consistent predictors of occlusion improvement after WEB treatment, with aneurysm height most strongly linked to nonimprovement. These insights may guide patient selection and follow up. Findings require cautious interpretation and external validation in larger cohorts.

Objective Cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized in patients with cerebral venous congestion (CVC), yet the cognitive tools used are largely adapted from stroke and dementia research. This review examines current literature on cognitive function in CVC, including conditions such as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), and dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs). Special emphasis is placed on the limitations of common screening tools like the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cognitive dysfunction—primarily affecting executive function, processing speed, and attention—is reported in up to 86% of CVC cases, yet only about 20% of studies use validated cognitive testing tools, most of which may lack sensitivity for CVC-specific deficits. Emerging techniques such as ocular motor testing and physiological markers show promise but require further validation. There is an urgent need for standardized, CVC-specific cognitive assessment protocols that reflect the unique pathophysiology of venous disorders. Future research should prioritize the development of targeted cognitive batteries and integrate objective physiological measures to enhance diagnostic accuracy.

Background The Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device is a prevalent treatment for intracranial aneurysms. While many studies have assessed the obliteration rate post-WEB embolization, few have focused on long-term outcomes in partially thrombosed aneurysms. Objective To assess whether partially thrombosed aneurysms are at higher risk of recurrence or retreatment following WEB embolization compared with non-thrombosed aneurysms. Methods We evaluated data from 22 academic institutions, focusing on previously untreated cerebral aneurysms treated with the WEB device. Logistic regression was utilized to analyze factors predicting long-term aneurysm obliteration and retreatment necessity. Results Among 1303 patients, 26 presented with a partially thrombosed aneurysm. In the partially thrombosed group, the mean aneurysm maximal diameter was 10.7±4 mm with a neck ratio of 1.99±1.19 mm, larger than in the control group where the mean aneurysm maximal diameter was 6.81±2.37 mm with a neck ratio of 1.64±0.51 mm (P<0.001 for both maximal diameter and neck ratio). At the final follow-up, partially thrombosed aneurysms treated by the WEB device had a 38.5% retreatment rate, compared with 7.0% for non-thrombosed aneurysms (P<0.001). Among partially thrombosed aneurysms, the Raymond-Roy type IIIa/b occlusion rate was higher (38.5% vs 9.9%, P<0.001). On multivariate analysis, partially thrombosed aneurysms compared with non-thrombosed aneurysms had an increased rate of retreatment (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.28 to 10.1). Conclusion Partially thrombosed aneurysms are associated with a poorer occlusion rate and a higher rate of retreatment following WEB embolization. For partially thrombosed aneurysms, the WEB device appears suboptimal as a first-line treatment, and therefore alternative techniques should be prioritized.