Citations

AbstractAdipoRon is an adiponectin receptor 1, 2 (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) agonist with potential antifibrotic effects. Whether AdipoRon can mitigate joint stiffness in a rabbit model of arthrofibrosis is unknown. We examined the efficacy of intravenous (IV) AdipoRon at mitigating contracture in a rabbit model of knee arthrofibrosis. Fifty‐six female New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three dosing groups: vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO), 2.5 mg/kg AdipoRon, and 5 mg/kg AdipoRon. AdipoRon, in DMSO, was administered IV preoperatively and for 5 days postoperatively (30 rabbits, Aim 1). AdipoRon was again dosed similarly after Kirschner wire (K‐wire) removal at 8 weeks (26 rabbits; Aim 2). The primary outcome of joint passive extension angle (PEA,°) was measured at 8, 10, 12, 16, and 24 weeks following index surgery. At 24 weeks, rabbits were euthanized and limbs were harvested to measure posterior capsular stiffness (N cm/°). In Aim 1, the 5 mg/kg treated rabbits had a significant increase in PEA when compared to controls at 16‐week (p < 0.05). In Aim 2, the 5 mg/kg treated rabbits had a significant increase in PEA when compared to controls at 10‐week (p < 0.05). In both aims, no significant differences were observed at later time points. Capsular stiffness was no different in any group. We are the first to report the efficacy of IV AdipoRon in a rabbit model of arthrofibrosis. We identified a significant dose‐dependent decrease in joint PEA at early time points; however, no differences were observed between groups at later time points. Clinical Significance: The present investigation provided the first assessment of AdipoRon's efficacy in mitigating knee stiffness in the current gold standard rabbit model of arthrofibrosis. Results of this investigation provided further evidence as to the potential role of AdipoRon as a preventative for arthrofibrosis in large mammals.

Abstract The loss of skeletal muscle mass during aging is a significant health concern linked to adverse outcomes in older individuals. Understanding the molecular basis of age‐related muscle loss is crucial for developing strategies to combat this debilitating condition. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a largely uncharacterized class of biomolecules that have been implicated in cellular homeostasis and dysfunction across a many tissues and cell types. To identify lncRNAs that might contribute to skeletal muscle aging, we screened for lncRNAs whose expression was altered in vastus lateralis muscle from older compared to young adults. We identified FRAIL1 as an aging‐induced lncRNA with high abundance in human skeletal muscle. In healthy young and older adults, skeletal muscle FRAIL1 was increased with age in conjunction with lower muscle function. Forced expression of FRAIL1 in mouse tibialis anterior muscle elicits a dose‐dependent reduction in skeletal muscle fiber size that is independent of changes in muscle fiber type. Furthermore, this reduction in muscle size is dependent on an intact region of FRAIL1 that is highly conserved across non‐human primates. Unbiased transcriptional and proteomic profiling of the effects of FRAIL1 expression in mouse skeletal muscle revealed widespread changes in mRNA and protein abundance that recapitulate age‐related changes in pathways and processes that are known to be altered in aging skeletal muscle. Taken together, these findings shed light on the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle aging and implicate FRAIL1 in age‐related skeletal muscle phenotypes.

Aging and many illnesses and injuries impair skeletal muscle mass and function, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. To better understand the mechanisms, we generated and studied transgenic mice with skeletal muscle–specific expression of growth arrest and DNA damage inducible α (GADD45A), a signaling protein whose expression in skeletal muscle rises during aging and a wide range of illnesses and injuries. We found that GADD45A induced several cellular changes that are characteristic of skeletal muscle atrophy, including a reduction in skeletal muscle mitochondria and oxidative capacity, selective atrophy of glycolytic muscle fibers, and paradoxical expression of oxidative myosin heavy chains despite mitochondrial loss. These cellular changes were at least partly mediated by MAP kinase kinase kinase 4, a protein kinase that is directly activated by GADD45A. By inducing these changes, GADD45A decreased the mass of muscles that are enriched in glycolytic fibers, and it impaired strength, specific force, and endurance exercise capacity. Furthermore, as predicted by data from mouse models, we found that GADD45A expression in skeletal muscle was associated with muscle weakness in humans. Collectively, these findings identify GADD45A as a mediator of mitochondrial loss, atrophy, and weakness in mouse skeletal muscle and a potential target for muscle weakness in humans.

Introduction: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy. Approximately 40-50% of HCM is caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins of the cardiac sarcomere. Patients with sarcomeric HCM have earlier expression and more severe disease progression. Herein, we evaluated the proteomic differences between patients with sarcomeric HCM and genotype negative HCM. Methods: Mass-spectrometry was performed on cardiac tissue from genotyped patients with HCM obtained after surgical myectomy, followed by differential proteomics (log2fc ≥

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy. Currently, hypertrophy pathways responsible for HCM have not been fully elucidated. Their identification could serve as a nidus for the generation of novel therapeutics aimed at halting disease development or progression. Herein, we performed a comprehensive multi-omic characterization of hypertrophy pathways in HCM. Methods: Flash-frozen cardiac tissues were collected from genotyped HCM patients (n=97) undergoing surgical myectomy and tissue from 23 controls. RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry–enabled deep proteome and phosphoproteomic assessment were performed. Rigorous differential expression, gene set enrichment, and pathway analyses were performed to characterize HCM-mediated alterations with emphasis on hypertrophy pathways. Results: We identified transcriptional dysregulation with 1246 (8%) differentially expressed genes and elucidated downregulation of 10 hypertrophy pathways. Deep proteomic analysis identified 411 proteins (9%) that differed between HCM and controls with strong dysregulation of metabolic pathways. Seven hypertrophy pathways were upregulated with antagonistic upregulation of 5 of 10 hypertrophy pathways shown to be downregulated in the transcriptome. Most upregulated hypertrophy pathways encompassed the rat sarcoma-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. Phosphoproteomic analysis demonstrated hyperphosphorylation of the rat sarcoma-mitogen-activated protein kinase system suggesting activation of this signaling cascade. There was a common transcriptomic and proteomic profile regardless of genotype. Conclusions: At time of surgical myectomy, the ventricular proteome, independent of genotype, reveals widespread upregulation and activation of hypertrophy pathways, mainly involving the rat sarcoma-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. In addition, there is a counterregulatory transcriptional downregulation of the same pathways. Rat sarcoma-mitogen-activated protein kinase activation may serve a crucial role in hypertrophy observed in HCM.

Abstract Obesity is associated with several skeletal muscle impairments which can be improved through an aerobic exercise prescription. The possibility that exercise responsiveness is diminished in people with obesity has been suggested but not well‐studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate how obesity influences acute exercise responsiveness in skeletal muscle and circulating amino metabolites. Non‐obese (NO; n = 19; 10F/9M; BMI = 25.1 ± 2.8 kg/m 2 ) and Obese (O; n = 21; 14F/7M; BMI = 37.3 ± 4.6 kg/m 2 ) adults performed 30 min of single‐leg cycling at 70% of VO 2 peak. 13 C 6 ‐Phenylalanine was administered intravenously for muscle protein synthesis measurements. Serial muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were collected before exercise and 3.5‐ and 6.5‐h post‐exercise to measure protein synthesis and gene expression. Targeted plasma metabolomics was used to quantitate amino metabolites before and 30 and 90 min after exercise. The exercise‐induced fold change in mixed muscle protein synthesis trended ( p = 0.058) higher in NO (1.28 ± 0.54‐fold) compared to O (0.95 ± 0.42‐fold) and was inversely related to BMI (R 2 = 0.140, p = 0.027). RNA sequencing revealed 331 and 280 genes that were differentially expressed after exercise in NO and O, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis showed O had six blunted pathways related to metabolism, cell to cell communication, and protein turnover after exercise. The circulating amine response further highlighted dysregulations related to protein synthesis and metabolism in adults with obesity at the basal state and in response to the exercise bout. Collectively, these data highlight several unique pathways in individuals with obesity that resulted in a modestly blunted exercise response.

Skeletal muscle is critical for maintaining mobility, independence, and metabolic health in older adults. However, a common feature of aging is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, which is often accompanied by mitochondrial impairments, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Exercise improves muscle strength, mitochondrial health, and cardiorespiratory fitness, but older adults often exhibit attenuated anabolic responses to acute exercise. Chronic inflammation associated with aging may contribute to this “anabolic resistance” and therapeutic interventions that target inflammation may improve exercise responsiveness. To this end, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of 6 months of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) supplementation on skeletal muscle function (mass, strength), mitochondrial physiology (respiration, ATP production, ROS generation), and acute exercise responsiveness at the level of the muscle (fractional synthesis rate) and the whole-body (amino acid kinetics) in healthy older adults. When compared with a corn oil placebo (n = 33; 71.5 ± 4.8 years), older adults treated with 4 g/day n3-PUFA (n = 30; 71.4 ± 4.5 years) exhibited modest but significant increases in muscle strength (3.1 ± 14.7% increase in placebo vs. 7.5 ± 14.1% increase in n3-PUFA; p = 0.039). These improvements in muscle strength with n3-PUFA supplementation occurred in the absence of any effects on mitochondrial function and a minor attenuation of the acute response to exercise compared to placebo. Together, these data suggest modest benefits of dietary n3-PUFAs to muscle function in healthy older adults. Future studies may elucidate whether n3-PUFA supplementation improves the exercise response in elderly individuals with co-morbidities, such as chronic inflammatory disease or sarcopenia.

Obesity is associated with several skeletal muscle impairments which can be improved through an aerobic exercise prescription. The possibility that exercise responsiveness is diminished in people with obesity has been suggested but not well‐studied. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate how obesity influences acute exercise responsiveness within skeletal muscle. METHODS Non‐obese (NO; n=19; 10F/9M; BMI=25.1 ± 2.8 kg/m 2 ) and Obese (O; n=21; 14F/7M; BMI=37.3 ± 4.6 kg/m 2 ) adults performed 30 minutes of single‐leg cycling at 70% of VO 2 peak. Serial muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were collected before exercise and 3 and 6 hours post‐exercise to measure protein synthesis and gene expression. RESULTS The exercise‐induced fold change in mixed muscle protein synthesis trended (p=0.058) higher in NO (1.28 ± 0.54‐fold) compared to O (0.95 ± 0.42‐fold) and was inversely related to BMI (r=‐.374, p=0.027). RNA sequencing revealed 331 and 280 genes that were up or downregulated after exercise in NO and O, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis showed O had blunted post‐exercise pathways related to MAPK signaling, chemokine‐mediated signaling, FC receptor mediated stimulation signaling, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and RNA polymerase II promotion. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction of select metabolic ( PGC1a, PGC1b, TFAM, PDK4, IRS, MAPK, and PRKAA1 ) and muscle growth ( SLC, TBC, MSTN, MyoD, TRIM32, FOX03, and FBXO3) genes were similar between groups 3 and 6 hours after exercise. Conclusion These data highlight several unique pathways in individuals with obesity that result in a blunted exercise response.

Adipose inflammation is proposed to be at the nexus of the systemic inflammation and metabolic derangements associated with obesity. The present study provides evidence to support adipose inflammation as a central feature of the pathophysiology of obesity. Adipose inflammation is associated with systemic and peripheral metabolic derangements, including increased systemic inflammation, reduced insulin sensitivity and reduced skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration.