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BACKGROUND: No large registries of patients with acute eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) are available. However, EM is perceived as a cardiac disease with high mortality, affecting mainly young and middle-aged adults according to small series and case reports. Awareness of the clinical presentation, associated systemic conditions, treatments, and outcomes of this uncommon condition is an unmet need. METHODS: In this international, multicenter, retrospective cohort study, 53 centers screened 193 patients with histologically proven acute EM between 1992 and 2023. After the exclusion of patients with insufficient data (n=10), symptoms lasting >30 days (n=19), or histological diagnosis not confirmed after review (n=8), 156 patients were included. RESULTS: Median age at presentation was 48 years (first to third quartile, 34–59 years) with male predominance (67.3%), and only 2 were pediatric cases (≤16 years of age; 1.3%). The main signs and symptoms at presentation were dyspnea (75.6%), fever (61.3%), and chest pain (53.2%). Unexpectedly, peripheral eosinophilia was reported in only 57.4% of cases, with a median cell count of 630 eosinophils/μL. The median left ventricular ejection fraction at presentation was 32% (first to third quartile, 25%–48%). The disorders most frequently associated with EM were eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (22.4% of cases) and hypersensitivity forms (14.1%). Idiopathic/undefined forms accounted for 44.9% of cases, and miscellaneous causes accounted for 18.6%. In-hospital death or need for heart transplantation (HTx) occurred in 23 patients (14.7%; 22 deaths and 1 HTx), despite 43.6% being treated with temporary mechanical circulatory support and 92.9% being treated with immunosuppressive agents. Estimated rates of death or HTx at 1 and 3 years were 19.0% and 23.8%. Increased age, decreased left ventricular ejection fraction on admission, and no immunosuppressive therapy during hospitalization were independent predictors of death or HTx. A nonsignificant higher occurrence of deaths or HTx was observed in the hypersensitivity form (46.1%) compared with the eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis–associated form (13.1%) at 3 years ( P =0.15). CONCLUSIONS: Acute EM can often present without peripheral eosinophilia, and rates of in-hospital and midterm mortality or HTx are high. Endomyocardial biopsy is required to reach the final diagnosis of EM because relying on peripheral eosinophilia can lead to missing diagnosis. In-hospital immunosuppression is associated with HTx-free survival, although tailored immunosuppressive therapies are needed to improve outcomes. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT06447935.

Abstract Introduction To investigate the effect of empagliflozin on right ventricular (RV) function in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve outcomes and reverse left ventricular (LV) remodelling in HFrEF. The impact on RV function remains uncertain. Methods The Empire HF trial was an investigator-initiated, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 190 participants with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40% or lower, with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class I−III symptoms. Participants were randomized to receive either empagliflozin (at a dose of 10 mg once daily) or placebo, on top of recommended therapy for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint of this exploratory substudy was changes in RV free wall strain (RVFWS) across the whole cohort. RVFWS was also stratified into tertiles based on baseline RVFWS. Secondary endpoints included changes in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and RV S’ velocity. Results Between June 2017 and September 2019, a total of 190 patients were enrolled, of whom 160 were included in this substudy. Baseline characteristics were balanced between the groups (mean age of 64 ± 11 years, 86% male, mean LVEF: 29 ± 8%, 79% in NYHA Class II, 83 patients (52%) had an implanted cardiac device, and tricuspid valve regurgitation was absent/trace in 136 (85%) and mild in 24 (15%)). A high proportion of the population were on optimal medical treatment for HFrEF, and device therapy remained unchanged during follow-up. The overall mean RVFWS was −16.7 ± 6.1%, with the empagliflozin group at −16.4 ± 6.2% and the placebo group at −16.9 ± 5.9%. No differences were observed in RVFWS between the groups. When stratified by baseline RVFWS into tertiles, patients in the lowest tertile demonstrated a significant improvement with empagliflozin (treatment effect: −2.9% [95% CI: −5.0 to −0.3]; P = .027). This finding was independent of LVEF, plasma volume, and weight loss, and remained unchanged after additional adjustment for LV remodelling and the presence of resynchronization therapy. No significant treatment effect was observed in the middle or highest tertiles of RVFWS, nor in the overall or lowest tertiles of TAPSE or RV S’. Conclusion This exploratory substudy of the Empire HF, treatment with empagliflozin exerted no overall effect on RV function in stable HFrEF patients, but significantly improved RVFWS in patients in the lowest tertile of RVFWS after 12 weeks of treatment. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, Unique Identifier: NCT03198585

Abstract Introduction Transthyretin–mediated (ATTR) amyloidosis is a progressive, multisystem, fatal disease. Patisiran, an IV RNAi therapeutic, is approved for the treatment of hereditary ATTR amyloidosis with polyneuropathy. The safety and efficacy of patisiran in patients with wild–type or hereditary ATTR amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy (CM) is being investigated in the ongoing APOLLO–B study. Methods Patients were 18–85 yrs old with evidence of cardiac amyloidosis by echocardiography, and ATTR amyloid by tissue biopsy or fulfilling nonbiopsy diagnostic criteria for ATTR amyloidosis with CM. Medical history of heart failure (HF) due to ATTR amyloidosis with ≥1 prior hospitalization or current clinical evidence of HF was required. Patients were randomized 1:1 to patisiran IV 0.3 mg/kg or placebo Q3W for 12 months. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in 6–MWT at Month 12 (M12) with patisiran vs placebo. Results APOLLO–B enrolled 360 patients (patisiran, n=181; placebo, n=179): median age (range), 76.0 (41, 85) yrs; male, 89%; wtATTR, 80%. Baseline characteristics were consistent between patients on tafamidis at baseline (91/360 [25%]) and those who were not. Patisiran achieved a rapid and sustained reduction in serum TTR, irrespective of baseline tafamidis treatment. At M12, patisiran showed a significant benefit vs placebo in 6–MWT (median [95% CI] change from baseline: patisiran, –8.15 [–16.42, 1.50]; placebo, –21.35 [–34.05, –7.52]; HL estimate of median difference: 14.69 [0.69, 28.69]; p=0.0162) and KCCQ–OS (LS mean [SEM] change from baseline: patisiran, 0.300 [1.263]; placebo, –3.408 [1.277]; LS mean [SEM] difference: 3.709 [1.796]; p=0.0397). Consistent benefits with patisiran in 6–MWT and KCCQ–OS were observed across predefined patient subgroups. Time to first event of all–cause hospitalization, urgent HF visit, or death directionally favored patisiran vs placebo (HR [95% CI], 0.839 [0.557, 1.263]), as did all–cause mortality (HR [95% CI], 0.355 [0.110, 1.138]), but all composite outcomes endpoints did not achieve statistical significance over 12 months. Patisiran was well tolerated; most AEs were mild or moderate in severity, and there were no cardiac safety concerns. Conclusions Benefits at 12 months were observed with patisiran vs placebo in functional capacity, and health status and quality of life, in patients with ATTR amyloidosis with CM. The efficacy and safety of patisiran continues to be studied in the APOLLO–B open–label extension.

Abstract Background Transthyretin-mediated (ATTR) amyloidosis is a rapidly progressive, debilitating, and fatal disease caused by misfolded TTR accumulating in multiple organs and tissues. Patients with hereditary (hATTR) amyloidosis (also known as ATTRv amyloidosis) or wild-type (wtATTR) amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy exhibit decreased survival. Patisiran, an IV RNAi therapeutic that inhibits synthesis of wt and variant TTR, was approved for the treatment of hATTR amyloidosis with polyneuropathy. Exploratory analyses of a predefined cardiac subpopulation in the APOLLO study demonstrated the potential for patisiran to improve the manifestations of cardiomyopathy in patients with hATTR amyloidosis with polyneuropathy. Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of patisiran in patients with ATTR amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy in the ongoing APOLLO-B study (NCT03997383). Material & Methods Patients were 18–85 years of age with evidence of cardiac amyloidosis by echocardiography (end-diastolic interventricular wall thickness >12 mm), and either ATTR amyloid deposition on tissue biopsy or fulfilling nonbiopsy diagnostic criteria for ATTR amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy. Patients had a medical history of heart failure (HF) due to ATTR amyloidosis with at least 1 prior hospitalization for HF, or current clinical evidence of HF. Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive patisiran IV 0.3 mg/kg or placebo Q3W for 12 months. After the double-blind, placebo-controlled period, all patients may receive patisiran in an open-label extension period for up to 36 months. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in 6-MWT at Month 12 with patisiran treatment, compared with placebo. Secondary endpoints evaluated the effect of patisiran vs placebo at Month 12 on QOL (KCCQ-OS score) as well as two sets of composite endpoints: 1) All-cause mortality, frequency of CV events (CV hospitalizations and urgent HF visits) and change from baseline in 6-MWT; and 2) All-cause mortality and frequency of all-cause hospitalizations and urgent HF visits. The pharmacodynamic effect of patisiran on serum TTR level (change from baseline through Month 12) was also assessed. Results & Discussion Enrollment completed (359 patients) in May 2021. About 80% of patients have wtATTR amyloidosis. Primary and secondary endpoint data will be presented, including change in 6-MWT and KCCQ-OS score at Month 12, in addition to safety data. Summary & Conclusion The primary results of the APOLLO-B study will inform the potential of patisiran as a treatment for the cardiomyopathy of ATTR amyloidosis. APOLLO-B will continue to investigate the efficacy and safety of patisiran on ATTR amyloidosis in an open-label extension period.

Background Haemodynamic exercise testing is important for evaluating patients with dyspnoea on exertion and preserved ejection fraction. Despite very different pathologies, patients with pressure (aortic stenosis (AS)) and volume (mitral regurgitation (MR)) overload and diastolic dysfunction after recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) reach similar filling pressure levels with exercise. The pressure–flow relationships (the association between change in cardiac output (∆CO) and change in pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (∆PAWP) may provide insight into haemodynamic adaptation to exercise in these groups. Methods and results One hundred sixty-eight subjects aged >50 years with a left ventricular ejection fraction of ≥50% underwent invasive exercise testing. They were enrolled in four different studies: AS (40 patients), AMI (52 patients), MR (43 patients) and 33 healthy subjects. Haemodynamic data were measured at rest, at 25 W, 75 W and at peak exercise. In all groups, PAWP increased with exercise. The greatest increase was observed in patients with AMI (from 12.7±3.9 mm Hg to 33.1±8.2 mm Hg, p<0.0001) and patients with AS (from 11.8±3.9 mm Hg to 31.4±6.1 mm Hg, p<0.0001), and the smallest was observed in healthy subjects (from 8.3±2.4 mm Hg to 21.1±7.5 mm Hg, p<0.0001). In all groups, the relative pressure increase was greatest at the beginning of the exercise. CO increased most in healthy patients (from 5.3±1.1 to 16.0±3.0 L/min, p<0.0001) and least in patients with AS (from 5.3±1.2 L/min to 12.4±2.6 L/min, p<0.0001). The pressure–flow relationships (∆PAWP/∆CO) and differed among groups (p = 0.02). In all groups, the pressure–flow relationship was steepest in the initial phase of the exercise test. The AMI and AS groups (2.3±1.2 mm Hg/L/min and 3.0±1.3 mm Hg/L/min, AMI and AS, respectively) had the largest overall pressure–flow relationship; the healthy group had the smallest initially and at peak exercise (1.3±1.1 mm Hg/L/min) followed by MR group (1.9±1.4 mm Hg/L/min). Conclusion The pressure–flow relationship was steepest in the initial phase of the exercise test in all groups. The pressure–flow relationship differs between groups. Trial registration numbers NCT01974557 , NCT01046838 , NCT02961647 and NCT02395107 .

Background: In REDUCE LAP-HF II (A Study to Evaluate the Corvia Medical, Inc IASD System II to Reduce Elevated Left Atrial Pressure in Patients With Heart Failure), implantation of an atrial shunt device did not provide overall clinical benefit for patients with heart failure with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction. However, prespecified analyses identified differences in response in subgroups defined by pulmonary artery systolic pressure during submaximal exercise, right atrial volume, and sex. Shunt implantation reduces left atrial pressures but increases pulmonary blood flow, which may be poorly tolerated in patients with pulmonary vascular disease (PVD). On the basis of these results, we hypothesized that patients with latent PVD, defined as elevated pulmonary vascular resistance during exercise, might be harmed by shunt implantation, and conversely that patients without PVD might benefit. Methods: REDUCE LAP-HF II enrolled 626 patients with heart failure, ejection fraction ≥40%, exercise pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≥25 mm Hg, and resting pulmonary vascular resistance <3.5 Wood units who were randomized 1:1 to atrial shunt device or sham control. The primary outcome—a hierarchical composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal ischemic stroke, recurrent HF events, and change in health status—was analyzed using the win ratio. Latent PVD was defined as pulmonary vascular resistance ≥1.74 Wood units (highest tertile) at peak exercise, measured before randomization. Results: Compared with patients without PVD (n=382), those with latent PVD (n=188) were older, had more atrial fibrillation and right heart dysfunction, and were more likely to have elevated left atrial pressure at rest. Shunt treatment was associated with worse outcomes in patients with PVD (win ratio, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.42, 0.86]; P =0.005) and signal of clinical benefit in patients without PVD (win ratio, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.02, 1.68]; P =0.038). Patients with larger right atrial volumes and men had worse outcomes with the device and both groups were more likely to have pacemakers, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction, and increased left atrial volume. For patients without latent PVD or pacemaker (n=313; 50% of randomized patients), shunt treatment resulted in more robust signal of clinical benefit (win ratio, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.14, 2.00]; P =0.004). Conclusions: In patients with heart failure with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction, the presence of latent PVD uncovered by invasive hemodynamic exercise testing identifies patients who may worsen with atrial shunt therapy, whereas those without latent PVD may benefit.

Background: The relationship between blood volume and pressure in the vascular system can be described in terms of unstressed and stressed blood volume. Stressed blood volume determines venous pressure and provides preload back to the heart, which regulates the generation of cardiac output (CO) via the Frank-starling mechanism. Whether sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2i) favorably modifies stressed blood volume is not known. Hypothesis: To investigate the effect of SGLT2i (empagliflozin) on the hemodynamic estimated stressed blood volume (eSBV) in HFrEF patients compared to placebo. Methods: A post hoc analysis of investigator-initiated, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Seventy patients were assigned to empagliflozin of 10 mg or matching placebo once daily for 12 weeks. Patients underwent right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise at baseline and follow-up. Outcome was change in eSBV after 12 weeks of empagliflozin treatment at each level of exercise. We conducted computer-modelling simulations based on invasive hemodynamic assessment to measure eSBV. Results: HFrEF patients with mean age was 57 years, mean ejection fraction 27%, 47 (71%) on diuretics were randomized. After 12 weeks treatment exercise eSBV was significantly reduced at 0 watt, 25 watt and 25 % of maximal exercise watt, compared to placebo [(0 watt; –258 mL, 95% CI –476 to –39, p=0.021); (25 watt; –301 mL, 95% CI –561 to –40, p=0.024); and (25% of peak exercise watt; –262 mL, 95% CI –490 to –34, p=0.024)]. There was no effect on rest, or at peak exercise eSBV [(Rest; –75 ml, 95% confidence interval [CI] –279 to 130; p=0.47); and (Peak; –96 mL, 95% CI –444 to 251, p=0.59)]. This was consistent among patients with and without type 2 diabetes, etiology of HFrEF, and diuretic usage (Figure 1). Conclusion: Empagliflozin may contribute to shift blood from the effective circulatory beds to the venous reservoir in reducing filling pressure and eSBV, but maintaining CO.

Abstract Aims This study aimed to describe haemodynamic features of patients with advanced heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) as defined by the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Methods and results We used pooled data from two dedicated HFpEF studies with invasive exercise haemodynamic protocols, the REDUCE LAP-HF (Reduce Elevated Left Atrial Pressure in Patients with Heart Failure) trial and the REDUCE LAP-HF I trial, and categorized patients according to advanced heart failure (AdHF) criteria. The well-characterized HFpEF patients were considered advanced if they had persistent New York Heart Association classification of III–IV and heart failure (HF) hospitalization &lt; 12 months and a 6 min walk test distance &lt; 300 m. Twenty-four (22%) out of 108 patients met the AdHF criteria. On evaluation, clinical characteristics and resting haemodynamics were not different in the two groups. Patients with AdHF had lower work capacity compared with non-advanced patients (35 ± 16 vs. 45 ± 18 W, P = 0.021). Workload-corrected pulmonary capillary wedge pressure normalized to body weight (PCWL) was higher in AdHF patients compared with non-advanced (112 ± 55 vs. 86 ± 49 mmHg/W/kg, P = 0.04). Further, AdHF patients had a smaller increase in cardiac index during exercise (1.1 ± 0.7 vs. 1.6 ± 0.9 L/min/m2, P = 0.028). Conclusions A significantly higher PCWL and lower cardiac index reserve during exercise were observed in AdHF patients compared with non-advanced. These differences were not apparent at rest. Therapies targeting the haemodynamic compromise associated with advanced HFpEF are needed.

Background: Stressed blood volume (SBV) is a major determinant of systemic and pulmonary venous pressures which, in turn, determine left and right ventricular fillings and regulates cardiac output via the Frank-Starling mechanism. It is not known whether inhibition of the SGLT2 (sodium–glucose cotransporter-2) favorably affects SBV. We investigated the effect of empagliflozin on estimated SBV in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction compared with placebo. Methods: This was a post hoc analysis of an investigator-initiated, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Seventy patients were assigned to empagliflozin 10 mg or matching placebo once daily for 12 weeks. Patients underwent right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise at baseline and follow-up. The outcome was change in estimated SBV after 12 weeks of empagliflozin treatment over the full range of exercise, determined using a recently introduced analytical approach based on invasive hemodynamic assessment. Results: Patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction, mean age, 57 years and mean ejection fraction 27%, with 47 patients (71%) receiving diuretics were randomized. The effect of empagliflozin on estimated SBV over the full range of exercise loads showed a statistically significant reduction compared with placebo (−198.4 mL [95% CI, −317.4 to −79.3] P =0.001), a 9% decrease. The decrease in estimated SBV by empagliflozin was significantly correlated with the decrease in PCWP ( R =−0.33, P <0.0001). The effect of empagliflozin was consistent across subgroup analysis. Conclusions: Empagliflozin treatment significantly reduced SBV compared with placebo after 12 weeks of treatment in patients with stable chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction during sub maximal exercise. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT03198585.