Citations

Odontogenic myxoma (OM) is an uncommon, locally aggressive odontogenic neoplasm with characteristic histologic and clinico-radiographic features but with potential for histologic overlap with other odontogenic and non-odontogenic entities and a non-specific immunoprofile. Widespread loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been recently described in rare cases of OM. The aim of this study was to determine whether widespread LOH represents a recurrent molecular signature that can be leveraged for clinical decision-making. Allele-specific copy number variation data from chromosomal microarray were generated from 7 OM, comprising a combined prospective and retrospective cohort. Four tumors arose in the mandible and 3 in the maxilla in patients ranging in age from 18 to 94 years (median: 44), with tumor size ranging from 2.2 to 13.0 cm. Variable amounts of fibrous stroma (odontogenic “fibromyxoma”) were present in 4/7 OM, and hypercellularity not typically appreciated in conventional OM was present in 3/7 cases. All OM (7/7) demonstrated widespread LOH, with 5 cases showing a near-haploid/low hypodiploid genomes (multiple monosomies) and 2 cases showing evidence of pseudo-hyperdiploidy due to probable endoreduplication. Both pseudo-hyperdiploid cases were ≥10 cm in size; 1 represented local recurrence. Chromosomes 1 to 3, 6, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 22 demonstrated LOH in ≥75% of cases (chromosomes 1 to 3, 6, and 9 in 100% of cases), while chromosomes 5, 12, 19, and 20 universally retained heterozygosity. Altogether, widespread LOH is a recurrent event in OM and a novel finding in odontogenic pathology, and allele-specific copy number variation analysis can serve as a diagnostic adjunct in challenging cases.

Abstract Background Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) allows patients to complete extended antimicrobial treatment at home, improving quality of life and reducing healthcare costs. National guidelines outline best practices for antimicrobial administration, vascular access management, monitoring, and recommend involving an infectious disease physician and a multidisciplinary team. Evaluating adherence to these practices can identify improvement opportunities and enhance outcomes. The primary objective of this study was to assess patient outcomes related to adherence to OPAT best practices at Mayo Clinic Health System – Southwest Wisconsin (MCHS–SWWI). Secondary objectives included evaluating adherence to key process metrics and identifying associations between baseline characteristics and outcomes. Methods This retrospective cohort study included adults discharged from MCHS–SWWI on home OPAT from November 2021 to July 2024. Patients were excluded if under 18 years old or if they received OPAT in non-home settings (e.g., skilled nursing, infusion center). Data on process metrics, outcomes, and safety were collected through manual chart review. These findings were evaluated against established best practices to assess the OPAT program's adherence and determine the impact of this adherence on patient outcomes. Statistical analysis used Pearson’s chi-square tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests to measure associations of patient characteristics with outcomes. Results A total of 164 patients were included. The MCHS-SWWI OPAT program demonstrated high adherence ( > 85%) to majority of established best practices. Successful OPAT completion occurred in 92.7% of patients, and overall incidence of adverse events and poor outcomes was generally low. Adherence to best practices was below 85% for vascular access selection (81.7%) and completion of weekly labs and vascular access care throughout the OPAT course (∼69%). Conclusion High adherence to OPAT best practices led to a generally low incidence of adverse events, treatment failures, and other unfavorable patient outcomes. The results of this study provide valuable insights to guide institutional quality improvement initiatives aimed at optimizing patient outcomes in OPAT therapy through targeted interventions. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Aerosol viral transmission monitoring enables early, noninvasive detection of infectious disease spread by identifying airborne viral particles in shared environments. Integrating sampling, sensing, and data analysis, this perspective outlines an integrated framework for transforming epidemic responses from reactive testing to proactive surveillance. It synthesizes current technological advances and deployment experiences to identify key challenges in detection efficiency, data management, and societal trust. This marks a shift from clinical diagnosis to environmental surveillance, transforming epidemic responses from testing individuals to monitoring shared air. By enabling earlier interventions, these systems help reduce transmission, protect vulnerable groups, and limit disruptions to daily life and the economy.

Background: Recent literature demonstrated a 24-hour reduction in vancomycin duration of therapy (DOT) for skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) with a negative methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal screening versus a positive nasal screening. Objective of this study was to investigate vancomycin DOT in patients with SSTIs who received MRSA nasal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening versus those who did not receive MRSA nasal PCR screening. Methods: A retrospective, multi-center, cohort study was completed in admitted adult patients on vancomycin for SSTI from 01/01/2020 to 09/30/2022. Hospital policy permits any clinician to order a MRSA nasal PCR screening test for various indications, including SSTIs, pneumonia and sepsis. Results: One-hundred-fifty-one patients were included, of which 71 had MRSA nasal PCR screening tests obtained, and 80 did not. The median vancomycin DOT in patients with MRSA nasal PCR screening tests was 19.9 versus 36.7 hours ( P = .014) in patients without screening tests. Conclusion: Patients with SSTIs who receive MRSA nasal PCR screening tests have a shortened vancomycin DOT. These results contribute to current data in support of the efficacy and clinical utility of obtaining MRSA nasal PCR screening tests for SSTIs.

Background: Despite the well-established potent benefit of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke, access to MT has not been studied globally. We conducted a worldwide survey of countries on 6 continents to define MT access (MTA), the disparities in MTA, and its determinants on a global scale. Methods: Our survey was conducted in 75 countries through the Mission Thrombectomy 2020+ global network between November 22, 2020, and February 28, 2021. The primary end points were the current annual MTA, MT operator availability, and MT center availability. MTA was defined as the estimated proportion of patients with LVO receiving MT in a given region annually. The availability metrics were defined as ([current MT operators×50/current annual number of estimated thrombectomy-eligible LVOs]×100 = MT operator availability) and ([current MT centers×150/current annual number of estimated thrombectomy-eligible LVOs]×100= MT center availability). The metrics used optimal MT volume per operator as 50 and an optimal MT volume per center as 150. Multivariable-adjusted generalized linear models were used to evaluate factors associated with MTA. Results: We received 887 responses from 67 countries. The median global MTA was 2.79% (interquartile range, 0.70–11.74). MTA was <1.0% for 18 (27%) countries and 0 for 7 (10%) countries. There was a 460-fold disparity between the highest and lowest nonzero MTA regions and low-income countries had 88% lower MTA compared with high-income countries. The global MT operator availability was 16.5% of optimal and the MT center availability was 20.8% of optimal. On multivariable regression, country income level (low or lower–middle versus high: odds ratio, 0.08 [95% CI, 0.04–0.12]), MT operator availability (odds ratio, 3.35 [95% CI, 2.07–5.42]), MT center availability (odds ratio, 2.86 [95% CI, 1.84–4.48]), and presence of prehospital acute stroke bypass protocol (odds ratio, 4.00 [95% CI, 1.70–9.42]) were significantly associated with increased odds of MTA. Conclusions: Access to MT on a global level is extremely low, with enormous disparities between countries by income level. The significant determinants of MT access are the country’s per capita gross national income, prehospital LVO triage policy, and MT operator and center availability.

Background Sexual assault survivors are at increased risk for sexually transmitted infections. Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner programs guide sexually transmitted infection treatment, monitoring, and follow-up scheduling according to guidelines by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Reported low rates of provider adherence to CDC treatment guidelines and patient adherence to follow-up necessitate a review of medication prescribing and follow-up scheduling practices, especially at smaller community hospitals in the United States. Methods A retrospective medical record review was conducted to assess adherence rates to CDC guidelines for prescribing practices, scheduling, and follow-up of sexual assault survivors. We included pediatric and adult patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) and participating in the ED Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner program at a rural, community-based teaching hospital in La Crosse, WI, from January 2018 to December 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate results. Results Analysis included 103 patients. Prescribing adherence to CDC guidelines was >80% for all except human immunodeficiency virus (53.4%), trichomoniasis (68.1%), and hepatitis B (69%). Of the 38 patients who had a follow-up scheduled during their ED encounter, 78.9% attended their scheduled follow-up and 94.7% of those appointments were scheduled within the CDC-recommended time frame, leading to an overall adherence of 40%. Conclusions Adherence rates were high for most prescribing practices, and attendance of scheduled follow-up was higher than expected. Opportunities to improved adherence to CDC guidelines were identified in prescribing for 3 disease states (human immunodeficiency virus, trichomoniasis, and hepatitis B) and in scheduling of follow-up.

AbstractPurposeEmerging literature has detailed the safe use of cefazolin in patients with immunoglobulin E–mediated penicillin allergy labeling (PAL) such as hives and anaphylaxis. The purpose of this article is to detail efforts led by an antimicrobial stewardship pharmacist working with an interdisciplinary team to optimize preoperative antimicrobials in patients with PAL.MethodsA pharmacist-led, interdisciplinary collaborative practice agreement (CPA) was activated in January 2020 to permit pharmacists to independently optimize preoperative antibiotics to the preferred cefazolin in patients with PAL if nonsevere or severe reactions had been reported. A patient registry was established covering the timeframe between January 8, 2020, and January 6, 2022. Reaction during surgery was assessed via 2-provider documentation, which included surgeon and anesthesiology staff documentation of any complications during the procedure related to a suspected allergic safety event. Utilization of cefazolin, clindamycin, and vancomycin for preoperative prophylaxis was monitored before and after implementation of the CPA.ResultsDuring the stated timeframe, 10,182 procedures and/or surgeries were completed on 1,572 (15.4%) patients with PAL and 659 (41.9%) patients previously reporting at least one reaction categorized as a severe reaction, which was hives for 71.2% of these patients. Of the 659 patients with PAL reporting a severe reaction, 356 received a preoperative cephalosporin (cefazolin, 98.8%; ceftriaxone, 1.2%) and tolerated it without a reported safety event, including 52 patients with PAL previously reporting anaphylaxis. An increase in preferred preoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis utilization was noted (cefazolin: 86% to 96.3%, P &lt; 0.001; 2019 to 2021) with reductions noted in the use of nonpreferred preoperative antibiotics (clindamycin: 2.1% to 0.2%, P &lt; 0.001; vancomycin: 3.2% to 0.4%, P &lt; 0.001; 2019 to 2021).ConclusionA pharmacist-led, interdisciplinary CPA increased preferred preoperative antimicrobial use in patients with PAL reporting severe allergic reactions, including hives and anaphylaxis, without reported safety events.

Abstract Background Sexual assault survivors are at increased risk for sexually transmitted infections. Due to patient vulnerability, institutions have implemented Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) protocols to care for these patients. These protocols guide evidence collection, testing, treatment, and medical follow-up to ensure optimization of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) treatment, monitoring and follow-up. Previous gap analyses have identified decreased prescribing of prophylactic STI medications and scheduling follow-up appointments compared to guideline recommendations. The purpose of this study was to assess adherence of medication prescribing and follow-up scheduling practices to Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines. Methods This study was a single-center, retrospective, observational, descriptive assessment which evaluated adherence rates to CDC guidelines, to scheduling medical follow-up, and patient attendance at scheduled appointments. Pediatric and adult patients who presented to the emergency department at Mayo Clinic Health System in La Crosse, WI from January 2018 through December 2021 were included. Data collected through chart review included demographics and laboratory data necessary for prescribing prophylactic HIV medications, antibiotics for STIs, emergency contraception, and vaccine administration. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate results. Results One hundred three patients were evaluated. Majority of patients were female and presented within 3 days of assault. Medication adherence to CDC guidelines was ≥ 80% for chlamydia and gonorrhea whereas &lt; 80% was noted for trichomoniasis and HIV prophylaxis. Adherence to post-ED discharge follow-up was 40%. Conclusion Opportunities to improve adherence of ED-SANE protocols for medication prescribing and medical follow-up for trichomoniasis and HIV prophylaxis exist. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Background: Antibiotic therapy with a macrolide and β-lactam or a fluoroquinolone for the empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in an inpatient non–intensive care setting is recommended per guidelines. Studies show that these treatments have similar outcomes, including death, adverse effects, and bacterial eradication. However, a comparison of 30-day readmission rates between these treatments is limited. Study Question: To determine whether 30-day readmissions for patients treated for CAP in a regional hospital differed between a fluoroquinolone monotherapy and a β-lactam plus macrolide combination therapy. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≥18 years with a CAP diagnosis who were admitted to the same regional hospital from December 1, 2011, through December 1, 2016. Measures and Outcomes: Patients receiving a third-generation cephalosporin plus macrolide were compared with those receiving a respiratory fluoroquinolone. Exclusion criteria were concurrent or recent use of the study antibiotics; death, transfer, or transition to hospice; and diagnosis of hospital-acquired pneumonia or health care–associated pneumonia. The collected data were 30-day readmission rates, antibiotic regimens, demographic characteristics, and pneumonia severity index and comorbidity scores. Association between treatment group and readmissions was assessed with logistic regression. Association between readmissions and individual data points between the 2 treatment groups was calculated with multivariate regression and odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Results: Of 432 patients, 171 met inclusion criteria (fluoroquinolone group, n = 101; β-lactam plus macrolide group, n = 70). Thirty-day readmissions were not significantly different between the fluoroquinolone group and β-lactam plus macrolide group (P = 0.58). Increased 30-day readmissions were independently associated with male sex and hospital length of stay (P < 0.05). Length of stay was approximately 3 days and did not differ between treatment groups. Conclusions: No difference was seen in 30-day readmissions between CAP patients who received fluoroquinolone monotherapy and those who received β-lactam plus macrolide combination therapy.

Lactobacilli are common commensal bacteria found in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract. Although they are usually thought to be nonpathogenic, there have been several cases that demonstrate severe infections caused by these microorganisms. This is a case of a 49-year-old male with previously undiagnosed type two diabetes mellitus who presented with a 3-month history of cough and was found to have right sided Lactobacillus gasseri empyema for which he underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) with chest tube placement. He subsequently developed a left sided pleural empyema for which the aspiration also grew out L. gasseri. The patient made a complete recovery and was seen for four months in follow-up after his initial presentation.