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The Pulmonary Embolism Reporting and Data System (PE-RADS) provides a standardized framework for reporting acute pulmonary embolism at CT and MR angiography to guide treatment considerations based on clot location and right heart imaging features.

This protocol paper details a single-center, randomized trial to compare greater occipital nerve blocks (GONBs) to multiple peripheral nerve blocks (MPNBs) for acute headache relief and prophylaxis in episodic migraine. GONBs are effective for the treatment and prevention of migraine, but a combination of trigeminal and occipital nerve blocks can be effective when GONBs alone have failed. To test this hypothesis, 60 adult participants will be randomized to receive either bilateral GONB or MPNBs of the bilateral greater occipital, lesser occipital, auriculotemporal, supraorbital, and supratrochlear nerves during an acute migraine with 0.5–1.25 mL bupivacaine 0.5%. Methylprednisolone 10–20 mg will be added only for the occipital nerves. Anesthesia in the distribution of each nerve block will be tested, and reinjection with bupivacaine will be performed until anesthesia is achieved. The primary endpoint will be pain freedom 20 min after injections. Secondary endpoints include pain freedom at 2 and 24 h, headache relief at 2 h, frequency and severity of subsequent migraine, and absenteeism from work/school/life events due to headaches over a 12-week follow-up period compared to a four-week run-in period. Trial Registration: The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04278573).

Abstract INTRODUCTION Although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers reflect neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), it remains unclear whether these biomarkers track neurodegeneration in early‐onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). METHODS In 80 EOAD patients, we examined correlations between eight CSF biomarker levels and cortical thickness decreases within the EOAD cortical atrophy signature. Significant correlations were then entered into a multiple regression analysis. We also examined contributions of EOAD atrophy and CSF biomarkers to cognitive impairment. RESULTS The levels of four CSF biomarkers correlated to EOAD signature atrophy. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that CSF neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels best predicted EOAD signature atrophy. Multiple regression showed EOAD signature atrophy combined with CSF NfL levels explained more variance in cognitive impairment than either factor alone. DISCUSSION Within EOAD patients, CSF NfL levels relate to the magnitude of cortical atrophy, and a combination of EOAD signature atrophy and CSF NfL levels most robustly predict cognitive impairment.

Background: Pulsatile tinnitus (PT) is frequently caused by venous sinus stenosis and may be associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Venous sinus stenting (VSS) directly addresses venous outflow obstruction and has emerged as a therapeutic option; however, outcome data remain heterogeneous. We performed an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and durability of VSS for PT and to compare outcomes between IIH-associated and isolated PT. Methods: MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from inception through December 2025 following PRISMA guidelines. Clinical studies reporting PT outcomes after VSS were included. Random-effects meta-analyses of proportions were conducted to estimate pooled rates of overall improvement, complete resolution, and recurrence. Prespecified subgroup analyses compared IIH versus isolated PT. Results: Thirty-two studies comprising 850 patients were included (641 with IIH; 209 with isolated PT). Venous sinus stenosis accounted for 90.3% of treated etiologies. The pooled rate of overall PT improvement was 89.8% (95% CI, 85.5-92.9). Complete resolution occurred in 87.1% (95% CI, 82.5-90.6). Recurrence at last follow-up was 10.9% (95% CI, 8.3-14.2). Improvement and complete resolution rates did not differ significantly between IIH and isolated PT. Recurrence was higher in IIH (12.0%) than in isolated PT (5.7%), without reaching statistical significance. Conclusions: VSS is associated with high rates of PT improvement and complete resolution with low recurrence. Recurrence trends appear higher in IIH, suggesting underlying pathophysiology may influence durability.

Introduction: Dysfunction of pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) can limit physical activity and health. Current screening methods are invasive or expensive, although transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) is gaining popularity. PFM contraction causes bladder base displacement (BBD) and magnitude reflects PFM function; however, manual image analysis is labor-intensive. Artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted TAUS may offer more efficient and feasible solutions. This study compared standard analysis of BBD to measurement with AI-assisted TAUS to assess reliability and validity. Methods: A total of 20 healthy female participants (26.4 ± 8.5 years) performed 6 repeated Kegel contractions after following a bladder-filling protocol. A curvilinear transducer was placed between the anterior superior iliac spines with the probe placed transversely and then angled inferiorly toward the bladder. The Clarius Bladder AI tool automatically measured distance from bladder apex to base. Images were also saved without an AI overlay and measured manually using ImageJ. Results: Average BBD values were equivalent (manual 0.7 ± 0.5 cm; AI-assisted 0.7 ± 0.6 cm, 90% confidence interval: −0.09 to 0.04 [ P < .05]). Measures were highly related ( r = 0.97, intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC 3,k ] = 0.98) and showed good agreement (95% limits of agreement: −0.33 to 0.28 cm). Test–retest reliability was excellent for both manual (ICC 3,k = 0.94, standard error of measurement [SEM]: 0.12 cm) and AI-assisted measures (ICC 3,k = 0.94, SEM = 0.14 cm). Discussion: No systematic differences were shown between methods, which were highly related. The Clarius AI-assisted bladder tool provided valid, reliable BBD measures consistent with traditional methods. The small SEM supports clinical application for PFM assessment. Conclusion: AI-assisted TAUS appears to be an efficient noninvasive method for assessing PFM function and may be applied easily in various clinical and research settings.

Background/Objectives: Fixed-dose triple therapy is recommended for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at high risk of exacerbations; however, direct comparative effectiveness data between available triple therapy regimens remain limited. We compared real-world clinical outcomes among adults with COPD receiving fluticasone furoate/vilanterol/umeclidinium (FF/VI/UMEC) or budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol (BUD/GLY/FOR). Methods: We conducted a retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study using the TriNetX Research Network. Adults with a spirometrically confirmed diagnosis of COPD who received fluticasone furoate/vilanterol/umeclidinium (FF/VI/UMEC) or budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol (BUD/GLY/FOR) between July 2020 and August 2024 were included in the analysis. A 365-day landmark period was applied to establish maintenance therapy, with outcome follow-up beginning 1 year after treatment initiation. Patients were followed for outcomes through August 2025, the date of database analysis. After 1:1 propensity score matching, treatment groups were compared for COPD exacerbations, acute respiratory failure (ARF), hospitalization, and all-cause mortality using RR and Cox proportional hazards analyses. Results: In matched cohorts, FF/VI/UMEC was associated with a significantly higher risk of COPD exacerbations (5.6% vs. 3.9%; RR 1.44; 95% CI 1.30–1.59; p < 0.001) and ARF (2.5% vs. 1.9%; RR 1.28; 95% CI 1.11–1.46; p < 0.001) compared with BUD/GLY/FOR. Time-to-event analyses demonstrated lower event-free probability for exacerbations (HR 1.35; (95% CI 1.21–1.50) and ARF (HR 1.15; (95% CI 1.00–1.32))). All-cause mortality was numerically higher in the FF/VI/UMEC cohort (5.2% vs. 4.7%; RR 1.09; 95% CI 1.00–1.19; p = 0.050); however, time-to-event analysis did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference. Hospitalization rates were similar between groups. Conclusions: In this large propensity score-matched real-world cohort study, patients receiving BUD/GLY/FOR experienced lower rates of COPD exacerbations and acute respiratory failure than those receiving FF/VI/UMEC. Because of the retrospective observational nature of the analysis, these findings should be considered hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in prospective comparative effectiveness studies.