Citations

Background The true prevalence of heart failure due to wild type transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRwt) is likely underestimated. There is a paucity of data with regard to the management of ATTRwt-related advanced heart failure and the natural history of extracardiac ATTRwt. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing cardiac transplant (HTx) for ATTRwt at a single institution. Comprehensive clinical data, including baseline hemodynamic and echocardiographic characteristics, and posttransplant outcomes, were obtained. Results Seven patients with ATTRwt underwent HTx between 2007 and 2015. All patients were male with a mean age of 66 ± 9. Patients had a reduced ejection fraction (mean, 37 ± 14%) and elevated filling pressures pre-HTx (mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 22 ± 7 mm Hg) before HTx. Three-year survival was 100%; 1 patient died of pancreatic cancer 45 months post-HTx (1 death per 30.8 patient-years). Oxygen consumption (Δ +6.8 ± 4.9 mL·kg−1·min−1) and 6-minute walk distances (Δ +189 ± 60 m) improved. Symptomatic gastrointestinal involvement (n = 2) and peripheral nerve involvement (n = 4) by ATTRwt developed late. Conclusions This is the first report of a series of ATTRwt patients receiving HTx in which excellent outcomes are demonstrated. Although cardiac death is averted, systemic manifestations of ATTRwt may develop posttransplantation.

The gold standard for noninvasive blood pressure (BP) measurement, the Doppler technique, does not provide systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and may limit therapy outcomes. To improve patient care, we tested specifically designed experimental BP (ExpBP) monitor and the Doppler technique by comparing noninvasive measures to the intraarterial (I-A) BP in 31 patients with end-stage heart failure (4 females) 2.6 ± 3.4 days post-LVAD implantation (20 HeartMate II and 11 HeartWare). Bland–Altman plots revealed that the ExpBP monitor overestimated mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 1.2 (4.8) mm Hg (mean difference [standard deviation]), whereas the Doppler by 6.7 (5.8) mm Hg. The ExpBP SBP was overestimated by 0.8 (6.1) mm Hg and DBP by 1.9 (5.3) mm Hg compared with the respective I-A pressures. Both techniques achieved similar measurement reliability. In the measurement “success rate” expressed as a frequency (percent) of readable BP values per measurement attempts, Doppler accomplished 100% vs. 97%, 97%, and 94% of successful detections of MAP, SBP, and DBP provided by the ExpBP monitor. The ExpBP monitor demonstrated higher accuracy in the MAP assessment than the Doppler in addition to providing SBP and DBP in majority of subjects. Improved BP control may help to mitigate related neurologic adverse event rates.

Background To investigate heart failure ( HF ) hospitalization trends in the United States and change in trends after publication of management guidelines. Methods and Results Using data from the National Inpatient Sample and the US Census Bureau, annual national estimates in HF admissions and in‐hospital mortality were estimated for years 2001 to 2014, during which an estimated 57.4 million HF ‐associated admissions occurred. Rates (95% confidence intervals) of admissions and in‐hospital mortality among primary HF hospitalizations declined by an average annual rate of 3% (2.5%–3.5%) and 3.5% (2.9%–4.0%), respectively. Compared with 2001 to 2005, the average annual rate of decline in primary HF admissions was more in 2006 to 2009 (ie, 3.4% versus 1.1%; P =0.02). In 2010 to 2014, primary HF admission continued to decline by an average annual rate of 4.3% (95% confidence interval, 3.9%–5.1%), but this was not significantly different from 2006 to 2009 ( P =0.14). In contrast, there was no further decline in in‐hospital mortality trend after the guideline‐release years. For hospitalizations with HF as the secondary diagnosis, there was an upward trend in admissions in 2001 to 2005. However, the trend began to decline in 2006 to 2009, with an average annual rate of 2.4% (95% confidence interval, 0.8%–4%). Meanwhile, there was a consistent decline in in‐hospital mortality by an average annual rate of 3.7% (95% confidence interval, 3.3%–4.2%) during the study period, but the decline was more in 2006 to 2009 compared with 2001 to 2005 (ie, 5.4% versus 3.4%; P <0.001). Beyond 2009, admission and in‐hospital mortality rates continued to decline, although this was not significantly better than the preceding interval. Conclusions From 2001 to 2014, HF admission and in‐hospital mortality rates declined significantly in the United States; the greatest improvements coincided with the publication of the 2005 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association HF guidelines.

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure. The effect of DM on post–left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation outcomes is unclear. This study sought to investigate whether patients with DM had worse outcomes than patients without DM after LVAD implantation and whether LVAD support resulted in a better control of DM. Methods and Results We retrospectively reviewed 341 consecutive adults who underwent implantation of LVAD from 2007 to 2016. Patient characteristics and adverse events were studied and compared between patients with and without DM. One hundred thirty-one patients (38%) had DM. Compared with patients without DM, those with DM had higher rates of ischemic cardiomyopathy, LVAD implantation as destination therapy, and increased baseline body mass index. In a proportional hazards (Cox) model with adjustment for relevant covariates and median follow-up of 16.1 months, DM was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.73; 95% confidence interval: 1.18–2.53; P =0.005) and increased risk of nonfatal LVAD-related complications, including a composite of stroke, pump thrombosis, and device infection (hazard ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.35–3.18; P =0.001). Preoperative hemoglobin A1c was not significantly associated with mortality or adverse events among patients with DM. LVAD implantation resulted in a remarkable decrease in hemoglobin A1c levels (7.4±1.9 pre-LVAD versus 6.0±1.5 and 6.3±1.4 after 3 and 12 months post-LVAD, respectively; P <0.0001) and a significant reduction in requirements of DM medications. Conclusions DM is associated with increased rates of all-cause mortality and major adverse events despite favorable glycemic control after LVAD implantation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) are common in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. TR progression is associated with the presence of AF, and questions remain as to who benefits from tricuspid valve procedures (TVPs). We examined the impact of preoperative AF on TR progression after LVAD implantation. From February 2007 to May 2014, 250 patients underwent LVAD implantation at our institution. Patients with concomitant TVP were excluded from this analysis (113 patients). The indication for LVAD was destination therapy in 80 patients (58%) and the etiology of heart failure was ischemic in 73 (53%). Follow-up was available in all early survivors for a total of 393 patient-years of support. Of the 137 non-TVP patients, 52 (38%) had AF preoperatively. Observed overall survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 82%, 67%, and 55%, respectively. Median grade of TR increased from 2 preoperatively to 3 (p = 0.04) in the AF group and 2.2 (p = 0.75) in the non-AF group at 5 years of follow-up. We also observed a significant difference in the degree of TR between groups at 3 months (p = 0.03) and 12 months (p = 0.01) postimplantation, and a trend toward significance at 18 (p = 0.06) and 24 (p = 0.07) months. The presence of AF is associated with early progression of TR after LVAD implantation. Addition of concomitant TVP in patients with preoperative AF may be considered in patients with less than severe TR. The impact of these findings on right ventricular failure/remodeling remains to be evaluated.

Wait times have increased for patients approved for heart transplants. We reviewed United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) data for 14,242 patients listed for isolated heart transplant (2009–2013) to develop a risk score model for timing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation in bridge-to-transplant patients. We used a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model with subsequent bootstrap resampling for internal validation to develop a scoring system that combined risk factors, weighted by the corresponding regression coefficients, to define an individual’s risk score. Four risk factors were identified (body mass index, blood type, region, and urgency status) to be significantly and independently associated with wait time (p < 0.001), showing adequate model discrimination (C = 0.704) and calibration. Higher risk scores correlated with shorter wait times. Our model corresponded closely with observed transplant rates, predicting longer wait times for lower status, larger size, certain blood groups, and some UNOS regions. This tool has the potential to more accurately describe the wait-time duration for an individual patient, which may influence care decisions. The wait-time discrepancies (blood types/regions) reinforce the need to reevaluate the geographic-allocation policy. The proposed review of the UNOS heart allocation policy may make this model especially relevant.

Although improvement in cardiac output and hemodynamic parameters is routinely demonstrated in patients implanted with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs), improvement in exercise capacity is inconsistently seen. Our purpose was to determine whether native cardiac factors, LVAD factors, or comorbid factors were associated with lack of improvement. Review of all patients undergoing preimplant cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and CPET on LVAD therapy at one institution was performed between 2007 and 2014 (n = 49). Comprehensive assessment of echocardiographic parameters, right heart catheterization data, medications, and comorbid illness was undertaken. There was no mean improvement in peak oxygen consumption (VO2; 11.8–12.4 ml/kg/min; p = 0.26), although exercise time (5.1 [46% predicted] to 5.8 min [56% predicted]; p = 0.02) and nadir of the ratio of minute ventilation to carbon dioxide production slope (VE/VCO2; 39–36; p = 0.001) improved. Factors most strongly associated with improvement in VO2 were Heartmate II pulsatility index (PI; R = 0.48; p = 0.001), power (R = −0.40; p = 0.009), pump flow (R = −0.40; p = 0.008), and pump speed (R = −0.32; p = 0.04). Peak heart rate (HR) was also associated with improvement in VO2 (R = 0.41; p = 0.004). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; R = 0.004; p = 0.77), right ventricular (RV) function (R = 0.22; p = 0.28), and aortic valve opening (R = 0.20; p = 0.57) were not associated with improvement in VO2. Our data suggest that less reliance on LVAD support was modestly associated with improvement in exercise capacity. Further studies should seek to determine the optimal level of device support prospectively in relation to exercise capacity.

Reversal of pulmonary hypertension has been observed in patients during a bridge to transplant with a left ventricular assist device. Total artificial heart (TAH) implant prevents subsequent right heart catheterization. Consequently, controversy exists over whether the prosthetic right ventricle improves or exacerbates pulmonary hypertension. A pulmonary artery (PA) pressure monitor was placed in two patients undergoing TAH implant, as a bridge to transplant. One patient had pulmonary hypertension at implant; the other had normal pulmonary pressures. Daily measurements were taken of systolic, diastolic, and mean PA pressures throughout support. Patient 1 received successful transplant after TAH support of 91 days. Systolic/diastolic (mean) PA pressures steadily decreased from 55/39 (28) mm Hg at implant to 29/18 (7) mm Hg currently. Patient 2 received support for 101 days before death due to abdominal ischemic complications. Pulmonary arterial pressures stayed consistent throughout this period, from 26/17 (20) mm Hg at implant to 23/13 (17) mm Hg at the time of death. These findings suggest that an implantable PA pressure monitor may be useful in optimizing hemodynamics and planning appropriate timing of transplant with TAH support.

Abstract Right ventricular failure (RVF) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, but the identification of LVAD candidates at risk for RVF remains challenging. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies of risk factors associated with RVF after LVAD implant. Thirty-six studies published between 1 January 1995 and 30 April 2015, comprising 995 RVF patients out of a pooled final population of 4428 patients, were identified. Meta-analysed prevalence of post-LVAD RVF was 35%. A need for mechanical ventilation [odds ratio (OR) 2.99], or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT; OR 4.61, area under the curve 0.78, specificity 0.91) were the clinical variables with the highest effect size (ES) in predicting RVF. International normalized ratio [INR; standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.49] and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (SMD 0.52) were the biochemical markers that best discriminated between RVF and No-RVF populations, though NT-proBNP was highly heterogeneous. Right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI) and central venous pressure (CVP) (SMD −0.58 and 0.47, respectively) were the haemodynamic measures with the highest ES in identifying patients at risk of post-LVAD RVF; CVP was particularly useful in risk stratifying patients undergoing continuous-flow LVAD implant (SMD 0.59, P &lt; 0.001, I2 = 20.9%). Finally, pre-implant moderate to severe right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, as assessed qualitatively (OR 2.82), or a greater RV/LV diameter ratio (SMD 0.51) were the standard echocardiographic measurements with the highest ES in comparing RVF with No-RVF patients. Longitudinal systolic strain of the RV free wall had the highest ES (SMD 0.73) but also the greatest heterogeneity (I2 = 74%) and was thus only marginally significant (P = 0.05). Patients on ventilatory support or CRRT are at high risk for post-LVAD RVF, similarly to patients with slightly increased INR, high NT-proBNP or leukocytosis. High CVP, low RVSWI, an enlarged right ventricle with concomitant low RV strain also identify patients at higher risk.