Citations

PurposeRelaxation time constants are useful as markers of tissue properties. Imaging ex vivo tissue is done for research purposes; however, T1 relaxation time constants are altered by tissue fixation in a time‐dependent manner. This study investigates regional changes in T1 relaxation time constants in ex vivo brain tissue over 6 months of fixation.MethodsFive ex vivo human brain hemispheres in 10% formalin were scanned over 6 months. Mean T1 relaxation time constants were measured in regions of interest (ROIs) representing gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) regions and analyzed as a function of fixation time.ResultsCortical GM ROIs had longer T1 relaxation time constants than WM ROIs; the thalamus had T1 relaxation time constants similar to those of WM ROIs. T1 relaxation time constants showed rapid shortening within the first 6 weeks after fixation followed by a slower rate of decline.ConclusionBoth GM and WM T1 relaxation time constants of fixed brain tissue show rapid decline within the first 6 weeks after autopsy and slow by 6 months. This information is useful for optimizing MR imaging acquisition parameters according to fixation time for ex vivo brain imaging studies. Magn Reson Med 77:774–778, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

PurposeTo characterize peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) of an asymmetric head‐only gradient coil that is compatible with a commercial high–channel‐count receive‐only array.MethodsTwo prototypes of an asymmetric head‐only gradient coil set with a 42‐cm inner diameter were constructed for brain imaging at 3T with maximum performance specifications of up to 85 mT/m and 708 T/m/s. Tests were performed in 24 volunteers to measure PNS thresholds with the transverse (x = left–right; y = anterior–posterior [A/P]) gradient coils of both prototypes. Fourteen of these 24 volunteers were also tested for the z‐gradient PNS in the second prototype and were scanned with high–slew‐rate echo planar imaging (EPI) immediately after the PNS tests.ResultsFor both prototypes, the y‐gradient PNS threshold was markedly higher than the x‐gradient threshold. The z‐gradient threshold was intermediate between those for the x‐ and y‐coils. Of the 24 volunteers, only two experienced y‐gradient PNS at 80 mT/m and 500 T/m/s. All volunteers underwent the EPI scan without PNS when the readout direction was set to A/P.ConclusionMeasured PNS characteristics of asymmetric head‐only gradient coil prototypes indicate that such coils, especially in the A/P direction, can be used for fast EPI readout in high‐performance neuroimaging scans with substantially reduced PNS concerns compared with conventional whole body gradient coils. Magn Reson Med 76:1939–1950, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

PurposeTo describe how integrated gradient nonlinearity (GNL) correction can be used within noniterative partial Fourier (homodyne) and parallel (SENSE and GRAPPA) MR image reconstruction strategies, and demonstrate that performing GNL correction during, rather than after, these routines mitigates the image blurring and resolution loss caused by postreconstruction image domain based GNL correction.MethodsStarting from partial Fourier and parallel magnetic resonance imaging signal models that explicitly account for GNL, noniterative image reconstruction strategies for each accelerated acquisition technique are derived under the same core mathematical assumptions as their standard counterparts. A series of phantom and in vivo experiments on retrospectively undersampled data were performed to investigate the spatial resolution benefit of integrated GNL correction over conventional postreconstruction correction.ResultsPhantom and in vivo results demonstrate that the integrated GNL correction reduces the image blurring introduced by the conventional GNL correction, while still correcting GNL‐induced coarse‐scale geometrical distortion. Images generated from undersampled data using the proposed integrated GNL strategies offer superior depiction of fine image detail, for example, phantom resolution inserts and anatomical tissue boundaries.ConclusionNoniterative partial Fourier and parallel imaging reconstruction methods with integrated GNL correction reduce the resolution loss that occurs during conventional postreconstruction GNL correction while preserving the computational efficiency of standard reconstruction techniques. Magn Reson Med 75:2534–2544, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PurposeTo describe a model‐based reconstruction strategy for routine magnetic resonance imaging that accounts for gradient nonlinearity (GNL) during rather than after transformation to the image domain, and demonstrate that this approach reduces the spatial resolution loss that occurs during strictly image‐domain GNL‐correction.MethodsAfter reviewing conventional GNL‐correction methods, we propose a generic signal model for GNL‐affected magnetic resonance imaging acquisitions, discuss how it incorporates into contemporary image reconstruction platforms, and describe efficient nonuniform fast Fourier transform‐based computational routines for these. The impact of GNL‐correction on spatial resolution by the conventional and proposed approaches is investigated on phantom data acquired at varying offsets from gradient isocenter, as well as on fully sampled and (retrospectively) undersampled in vivo acquisitions.ResultsPhantom results demonstrate that resolution loss that occurs during GNL‐correction is significantly less for the proposed strategy than for the standard approach at distances >10 cm from isocenter with a 35 cm field‐of‐view gradient coil. The in vivo results suggest that the proposed strategy better preserves fine anatomical detail than retrospective GNL‐correction while offering comparable geometric correction.ConclusionAccounting for GNL during image reconstruction allows geometric distortion to be corrected with less spatial resolution loss than is typically observed with the conventional image domain correction strategy. Magn Reson Med 74:1019–1031, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.