Citations

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage liver disease. As its use expands worldwide, ensuring the safety and well-being of live liver donors (LLD) is of paramount importance. Published evidence on early postoperative complications after living donor hepatectomy—those occurring within 90 days of surgery—is limited, and standardized postoperative care protocols are lacking. The International Liver Transplantation Society (ILTS) and the International Living Donor Liver Transplantation Group (iLDLT Group) convened a consensus conference in Toronto in March 2025 to develop guidelines for the safe care of the LLDs. This manuscript details the recommendations on early postoperative considerations for the safety of LLDs developed by Working Group III (WGIII) of the Consensus Scientific Committee, using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system for assessment of recommendations, and the Danish model of consensus. WGIII addressed four key areas: (1) standardized postoperative care, (2) early biliary complications, (3) early postoperative liver dysfunction, and (4) early postdischarge follow-up. This report emphasizes the need for vigilant postoperative monitoring in specialized units, with access to experienced providers and defined clinical pathways. Structured clinical and psychosocial follow-up protocols, perioperative prophylaxis for surgical site infections and venous thromboembolism, and management of early biliary and vascular complications are discussed. These may help standardize care, reduce complications and improve short-term outcomes in LLDs.

Abstract The cortical asymmetry index evaluates the cortical thickness asymmetry between hemispheres. We investigated cortical asymmetry index in asymptomatic and symptomatic mutation carriers of autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease to explore the brain asymmetry within the Alzheimer’s disease continuum. Sixty baseline T1-weighted MRI scans were obtained from the Clinic Barcelona cohort. Baseline and longitudinal MRI data from 564 participants within the dominantly inherited Alzheimer network observational study were used as an independent, confirmatory cohort. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma neurofilament light chain levels were included when available. Cortical thickness was calculated using Freesurfer and cortical asymmetry index was calculated via an open-source pipeline. Cross-sectional analyses examined cortical asymmetry index differences based on clinical classification and APOE ε4 status, adjusting for age, sex and estimated years from onset, while correlations were assessed with age, estimated years from onset, mini-mental state examination scores, and neurofilament light. Longitudinal cortical asymmetry index evolution was modelled using generalized additive models in the dominantly inherited Alzheimer network observational study cohort, incorporating age, sex, and the interaction between group and estimated years from onset. The cortical asymmetry index successfully distinguished asymptomatic mutation carrier and symptomatic mutation carriers from healthy controls in the Clinic Barcelona cohort and symptomatic mutation carriers from controls in dominantly inherited Alzheimer network observational study. Higher cortical asymmetry index in mutation carriers (asymptomatic mutation carrier and symptomatic mutation carriers combined) and in symptomatic mutation carriers were associated with higher plasma neurofilament light levels, a closer proximity to symptom onset, and lower mini-mental state examination in the Clinic Barcelona cohort. In the dominantly inherited Alzheimer network observational study cohort, mutation carriers exhibited increased cortical asymmetry index compared to controls and correlated with elevated neurofilament light (plasma and Cerebrospinal fluid), lower mini-mental state examination, and a closer proximity to symptom onset. APOE3/3 carriers showed greater asymmetry than other APOE genotypes and significant cortical asymmetry index differences between asymptomatic mutation carrier and symptomatic mutation carriers. Longitudinally, cortical asymmetry index increased over time significantly in symptomatic mutation carriers. These findings underscore brain asymmetry as a potential biomarker for early Alzheimer’s disease progression in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease, with implications for detection and monitoring tracking disease-related neuroanatomical changes.

Objectives On rare occasions, hiccups can cause morbidity, such as sleep deprivation, aspiration and even death. At times, palliative invasive procedures are considered. This study tested the hypothesis that invasive procedures can provide hiccup palliation with an acceptable safety profile. Methods Multi-site electronic medical data were used to assess adult patients who underwent an invasive procedure for hiccups between January 1995 and January 2022. Hiccup palliation was defined as documented improvement in severity or frequency of this sign/symptom after the procedure. Results A total of 69 patients underwent one or more invasive procedures for hiccups (144 total procedures). Fifty-nine patients (86%) were men. The most frequent initial procedure was a phrenic nerve block (n=10) followed by oesophageal dilation (n=9). Only 31 patients (45%) manifested hiccup palliation after their first procedure. Nearly half, or 32 patients (46%), underwent more than one procedure (2 underwent nine procedures). Of these subsequent procedures, 35 resulted in palliation. Five adverse events arose from 144 procedures: post-esophagectomy atrial fibrillation, haematoma after cardiac device removal, vocal cord immobility after craniotomy, vocal cord immobility after vagal nerve manipulation, and a cerebral spinal leak after vagal nerve decompression. Conclusions Invasive procedures can palliate hiccups with an acceptable safety profile. However, these procedures appear to palliate hiccups in only about half of patients and sometimes do so only transiently.

Background and Aims: Liver transplant is a specialized treatment for a spectrum of indications that use a scarce resource. Transplant is guided by principles of justice, equity, and benefit, with a constant conflict between competing interests. Organs are a national resource with a goal of equitable distribution across sites. An AASLD guideline for the evaluation and selection of appropriate candidates for transplant has been available since 2005. Methods: A multidisciplinary writing group of liver transplant experts and a librarian convened over 24 months. The writing group reviewed the literature, generated guideline recommendations, and rated the level of evidence for each recommendation based on the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. The group categorized the strength of recommendations based on the level of evidence, risk-benefit ratio, and patient preferences. Conclusions: Liver transplant is a lifesaving procedure that should be offered to selected patients with clear indications and a reasonable prospect of benefit. The evaluation is designed to identify those in need, to outline hurdles to a successful outcome, and to develop an effective transplant plan. The goal of this document is to provide a template for this process.

Abstract Objective Clinical neuropsychology is an evidence-based discipline that draws heavily from the field’s peer-reviewed journal articles. However, our scientific understanding of the methods and content that comprise the articles published in clinical neuropsychology journals is quite limited. Method A mixed methods approach was used to describe the aims, methods, and content of clinical neuropsychology’s major lifespan journals. Six-hundred articles were randomly sampled from the 2020–2024 volumes of six lifespan clinical neuropsychology journals. All articles were coded across 42 dimensions, including article type, population, design, methods, ability domains, and miscellaneous topics (e.g., brain health). The aims/scope sections of the journals were subjected to qualitative analyses, to identify relevant themes. Results The most common article content was observed in the areas of empirical/data-driven studies, cross-sectional and observational designs, older and neurological participants, cognitive testing of higher-order abilities, and psychometrics/methods. Results showed significant between-journal differences for some of these content areas at broadly medium effect sizes (e.g., experimental design, brain health topics). Qualitative analyses yielded five shared themes, suggesting that the lifespan clinical neuropsychology journals are interested in submissions on brain-behavior relationships, clinical applications, both clinical and healthy/typical populations, professional/guild matters, and multidisciplinary investigations. Conclusions The scientific content published within clinical neuropsychology’s six primary lifespan journals varies in some dimensions, but largely focuses on cross-sectional, observational studies of psychometrics and higher-order cognition. The implications of these findings for future research in clinical neuropsychology are contextualized for authors, reviewers, and readers.

Abstract The benefit of rituximab maintenance after first-line (1L) bendamustine-rituximab (BR) in patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) remains uncertain, with inconsistent results from the phase 2 MAINTAIN trial and several retrospective studies. We conducted a large retrospective study at 27 US and Canadian academic centers to examine the benefit of rituximab maintenance after BR. A total of 911 patients received 1L BR between 2010 and 2020, and 703 had an objective response and no evidence of disease progression at the 3-month post-BR landmark. Among those, 394 (56%) received rituximab maintenance and 309 (44%) did not, with largely similar baseline patient and disease characteristics. In the landmark analysis, rituximab maintenance was associated with improved event-free survival (EFS; median, 49.9 vs 29.7 months; P< .001) as well as overall survival (OS; median, 109.5 vs 74.2 months; P< .001). The EFS and OS benefits were observed across most of the subgroups. EFS and OS differences were statistically significant in those who achieved a complete response to 1L BR (n = 590; median EFS, 62.7 vs 31.1 months [P< .001]; median OS, 136.1 vs 75.3 months [P< .001]), but the analysis among those who achieved a partial response to 1L BR was limited by the small sample size. These results provide additional evidence for the survival benefit of rituximab maintenance after BR in MCL and support its use in clinical trial design and routine practice.

Background: The use of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for managing severe refractory chronic pain has expanded considerably due to positive statistical evidence regarding its use; however, the statistical robustness of the underlying randomized controlled trials (RCTs) requires further scrutiny. One such tool that can be used for this purpose is the fragility index, which quantifies how many individual outcome events must be altered for an outcome to lose statistical significance. Thus the index can be used quantitatively to assess the stability and robustness of an RCT’s conclusions, with higher values indicating increased trial stability. This study assesses the fragility of pain outcomes across RCTs investigating SCS for chronic pain to better understand the quality and robustness of evidence. Methods: A systematic search was conducted for RCTs assessing SCS for any chronic pain indication. The primary outcome was an evaluation of the trial-specific fragility index for the prespecified pain primary outcomes of RCTs. Secondary outcomes included an evaluation of fragility for (1) specified indications for SCS therapy, (2) reported pain outcomes appearing in three or more RCTs, (3) the presence/absence of a conflict of interest, and (4) comparisons of SCS to conservative management or different SCS waveform modalities. Results: A total of 30 RCTs were included. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) fragility index across the primary outcome of all trials was 5.45 (3.00 to 11.45). There was no statistical difference between the (1) types of outcomes (dichotomous vs. continuous; P = 0.710), (2) primary versus secondary pain outcomes ( P = 0.771), or (3) presence versus absence of trial conflict of interest ( P = 0.753). Indications with a median (IQR) fragility score greater than three included persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2 with a score of 8.00 (2.80 to 12.60), painful diabetic neuropathy with a score of 6.00 (3.00 to 11.80), complex regional pain syndrome with a score of 7.20 (4.62 to 81.50), mixed etiologies with a score of 9.00 (3.00 to 38.00), and other etiologies with a score of 3.00 (1.00 to 8.55). Conclusions: This study suggests that the majority of RCTs investigating primary pain outcomes after SCS therapy are robust with relatively high fragility scores. Reporting the fragility of outcomes in trials can provide a more comprehensive assessment of trial robustness and can further aid clinicians in interpreting trial results and making informed treatment decisions.