Citations 80
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From Subjects With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Develop a Senescence Phenotype Following Biliary Differentiation
Jalan‐Sakrikar, Nidhi , Assuncao, Thiago M. de , Navarro‐Corcuera, Amaia , Hamdan, Feda H. , Loarca, Lorena, Kirkeby, Lindsey A., Resch, Zachary T., O’Hara, Steven P. , Juran, Brian D., Lazaridis, Konstantinos N. , Rosen, Charles B. , Taner, Timuçin , Shah, Vijay H. , De Assuncao, Thiago M, Taner, Timucin , Shah, Vijay H , Huebert, Robert , Lazaridis, Konstantinos N , Sakrikar, Nidhi Jalan , Heimbach, Julie K. , LaRusso, Nicholas F. , Huebert, Robert C.
Hepatology Communications | August 26, 2021 | Volume: 6 | Issue: 2 | Pages: 345-360
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic fibroinflammatory disease of the biliary tract characterized by cellular senescence and periportal fibrogenesis. Specific disease features that are cell intrinsic and either genetically or epigenetically mediated remain unclear due in part to a lack of appropriate, patient‐specific, in vitro models. Recently, our group developed systems to create induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived cholangiocytes (iDCs) and biliary epithelial organoids (cholangioids). We use these models to investigate whether PSC cholangiocytes are intrinsically predisposed to cellular senescence. Skin fibroblasts from healthy controls and subjects with PSC were reprogrammed to pluripotency, differentiated to cholangiocytes, and subsequently grown in three‐dimensional matrigel‐based culture to induce formation of cholangioids. RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) on iDCs showed significant differences in gene expression patterns, including enrichment of pathways associated with cell cycle, senescence, and hepatic fibrosis, that correlate with PSC. These pathways also overlapped with RNA‐seq analysis on isolated cholangiocytes from subjects with PSC. Exome sequencing on the subjects with PSC revealed genetic variants of unknown significance in the genes identified in these pathways. Three‐dimensional culture revealed smaller size, lack of a central lumen, and increased cellular senescence in PSC‐derived cholangioids. Congruent with this, PSC‐derived iDCs showed increased secretion of the extracellular matrix molecule fibronectin as well as the inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐6, and chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2. Conditioned media (CM) from PSC‐derived iDCs more potently activated hepatic stellate cells compared to control CM. Conclusion: We demonstrated efficient generation of iDCs and cholangioids from patients with PSC that show disease‐specific features. PSC cholangiocytes are intrinsically predisposed to cellular senescence. These features are unmasked following biliary differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and have functional consequences in epithelial organoids.
Pathophysiology of Cholangiocyte Cilia
LaRusso, Nicholas F.
The FASEB Journal | June 21, 2021 | Volume: 20 | Issue: 4 | Pages: No page available
Primary cilia are ubiquitous organelles found in most mammalian tissues. Recent studies suggest that they play an important role in epithelial cells, functioning as mechano‐, chemo‐ and/or osmo‐sensors. Moreover, morphological and functional ciliary abnormalities contribute to the development of different pathological conditions, in particular to autosomal dominant and recessive polycystic kidney and liver disease. However, information regarding the functions of primary cilia, particularly in the liver, is limited and how cilia respond to environmental stimuli is still poorly understood. Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining intrahepatic bile ducts, each possess an individual cilium (approximately 7 μm in length) extending from the apical membrane into the ductal lumen with a typical 9+0 axoneme structure. They are heterogeneous in length along the biliary tree; i.e., in the large bile ducts, cilia are 2–3 times longer than in small ones. The strategic location of cholangiocyte cilia extending into the bile duct lumen raises questions about their role in sensing and transducting mechanical, chemical and osmotic signals between molecules in bile and cholangiocytes. Thus, development of novel approaches to study and isolate primary cilia are essential to understand the functions of these organelles. In this presentation, we will review the novel models we have developed to study cholangiocyte cilia, including: isolated perfused bile ducts from rat and mouse; cultured rodent cholangiocyte cell systems to evaluate ciliogenesis and cystogenesis; rodent models of cystic kidney and liver disease; and cell biologic techniques to isolate cilia. The application of these in vitro and in vivo techniques to hepatic cyst formation and expansion will also be emphasized.
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition) 1
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Fielding , Henkel, Vanessa, Herb, Marc , Herman-Antosiewicz, Anna , Hernández, Agustín , Hernández, Carlos , Hernández-Díaz, Sergio , Hernández–Gea, Virginia , Herpin, Amaury , Herreros, Judit , Hervás, Javier H. , Hesselson, Daniel , Hetz, Claudio , Higuchi, Yujiro , Hilfiker, Sabine , Hill, Joseph A., Ho, Emmanuel A. , Ho, Idy H. T. , Ho, Philip Wing‐Lok , Ho, Shu‐Leong , Ho, Wan Yun, Hoet, Peter , Hofius, Daniel , Höhn, Annika , Hong, Yi-Ren Hong Chang-Won, Hooper, Lora V. , Hsin, I‐Lun , Hu, Bing , Hu, Dong , Hu, Wei , Hu, Zhuowei , Hua, Jinlian, Huan, Chongmin , Huang, Chuanshu , Huang, Chunling , Huang, Haishan , Huang, Michael , Huang, Shan , Huang, Tianzhi , Huang, Xing , Huang, Yuxiang , Hubert, Virginie , Hübner, Christian A. , Hughes, Stephanie M. , Hughes, William E. , Hummer, Gerhard , Hurley, James H. , Hussain, Sabah N. A. , Hussain, Salik , Hutabarat, Martina , Hwang, Hui-Yun, Ieni, Antonio , Ikeda, Fumiyo , Imagawa, Yusuke , Imbriano, Carol , Imoto, Masaya , Inman, Denise M. , Inoki, Ken , Iozzo, Renato V. , Iribarren, Pablo , Ishaq, Mohd , Ishimwe, Nestor , Ismail, Nahed , Issazadeh‐Navikas, Shohreh , Itakura, Eisuke , Ito, Daisuke , Ivankovic, Davor , Ivanova, Saška , Iyer, Anand Krishnan V. , Izquierdo, José M. , Jacobo‐Herrera, Nadia , Jacquin, Élise , Jadiya, Pooja , Jaeschke, Hartmut , Jagannath, Chinnaswamy, Jakobsson, Johan , Janji, Bassam , Jansen‐Dürr, Pidder , Jansson, Patric J. , Januszewski, Sławomir, Jeltsch‐David, Hélène , Jenny, Andreas , Jensen, Thomas E. , Jessen, Niels , Jia, Lijun , Jia, Rui , Jiang, Qing , Jiang, Richeng , Jiang, Teng , Jiang, Xuejun , Jiang, Yu , Jiménez-Sánchez, María , Jin, Fengyan , Jin, Li , Jin, Luqi, Jin, Si , Joffre, Carine , Johnston, Simon A. , Jokitalo, Eija , Juárez, Esmeralda , Juhász, Gábor , Jun, Youngsoo , Jung, Chang Hwa , Jung, Sung‐Chul , Jungbluth, Heinz , Jungverdorben, Johannes , Just, Steffen , Kaasik, Allen , Kaganovich, Daniel , Kain, Renate , Kajimura, Shingo , Kalamvoki, Maria , Kalia, Manjula , Kalinowski, Danuta S. , Kaludercic, Nina , Kalvari, Ioanna , Kamińska, Joanna , Kanamori, Hiromitsu , Kang, Chanhee , Kang, Rui , Kang, Sang Sun , Kaniyappan, Senthilvelrajan , Kanki, Tomotake , Kanneganti, Thirumala‐Devi , Kanthasamy, Arthi , Kantorow, Marc , Kapuy, Orsolya , Karim, Md. Razaul , Kato, Masaru , Kauppinen, Anu , Kaushal, Gur P. , Kawasaki, Kiyoshi, Kazan, Kemal , Keber, Ursula , Keller, Kate E. , Kenific, Candia M. , Kepp, Oliver , Kern, Andreas , Keulers, Tom G. , Khalfin, Boris , Khalil, Hany , Khan, Shahid Y. , Khandelwal, Vinoth Kumar Megraj, Khandia, Rekha , Kho, Widuri , Khobrekar, Noopur V. , Khuansuwan, Sataree , Khundadze, Mukhran , Killackey, Samuel A. , Kim, Dasol , Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do‐Hyung , Kim, Dong‐Eun , Kim, Eun‐Kyoung , Kim, Hak-Rim, Kim, Hee-Sik , Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jeong Hun , Kim, Joungmok , Kim, Seong‐Jun , Kimball, Scot R., Kimchi, Adi , Kimmelman, Alec , Kimura, Tomonori , King, Matthew, Kinsey, Conan G. , Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A. , Kishi, Shuji , Kitamoto, Katsuhiko , Kitaoka, Yasushi , Kitazato, Kaio, Kitsis, Richard N. , Kjærulff, Ole , Klein, Peter S. , Klopstock, Thomas , Klucken, Jochen , Knævelsrud, Helene , Ko, Fred , Kobayashi, Satoru, Koch, Ina , Koch, Jan Christoph , Kögel, Donat , Koh, Young Ho , Kocatürk, Nur Mehpare , Komatsu, Masaaki, König, Jeannette , Kono, Toru, Korkmaz, Gözde , Korsnes, Mónica Suárez , Koskela, Ali , Kota, Janaiah , Kotake, Yaichiro , Kotler, Monica L., Kou, Yanjun , Koukourakis, Michael I., Koustas, Evangelos , Kovács, Tibor , Kovács, Tibor, Kraft, Claudine , Krainc, Dimitri, Krämer, Helmut, Krasnodembskaya, Anna , Kretz‐Remy, Carole , Kroemer, Guido, Kuenen, Sabine , Kuerschner, Lars , Kukar, Thomas , Kumar, Ajay , Kumar, Deepak, Kumar, Dhiraj, Kumar, Sharad , Kume, Shinji , Kumsta, Caroline , Kundu, Chanakya Nath , Kundu, Mondira, Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B. , Kutlu, Özlem , Kwak, SeongAe , Kwon, Yong Tae , Spada, Albert La, Labonté, Patrick , Ladoire, Sylvain , Laface, Ilaria, Lafont, Frank , Lagace, Diane C. , Lahiri, Vikramjit , Lai, Zhibing, Laird, Angela S. , Lakkaraju, Aparna , Lan, Sheng‐Hui , Landajuela, Ane , Lane, Darius J.R. , Lange, Carsten , Langer, Rupert , Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn , Lastres-Becker, Isabel, Lau, Wilson Chun Yu , Laurie, Gordon W. , Le, Weidong, Stunff, Hervé Le , Leary, Alexandre Y , Lebrun, Jean-Jacques, Leck, Lionel , Lee, Changwook , Lee, Chung‐Pei , Lee, Da-Hye , Lee, Edward B., Lee, Erinna F. , Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, He-Jin, Lee, Heung Kyu , Lee, Jason S. , Lee, Jin-A, Lee, Joo‐Yong , Lee, Michael , Lee, Min Goo , Lee, Min Jae, Lee, Myung‐Shik , Lee, Sangyoon , Lee, Stella Y. , Lee, Sung, Lee, Won Hee , Lee, Yong‐ho , Lee, Youngil , Lei, Yu L., Lei, Yuchen , Leikin, Sergey , Lemus, Leticia , Leng, Shuilong, Lenoir, Olivia , Lenz, Guido , Lenz, Heinz Josef, Lenzi, Paola, León, Yolanda , Leschczyk, Christoph, Leskelä, Stina, Letellier, Elisabeth , Leung, Chi-Ting, Leung, Po Sing , Leventhal, Jeremy S. , Levine, Beth, Lewis, Patrick A. , Ley, Klaus , Li, Bin , Li, Da‐Qiang , Li, Jian‐Ming , Li, Jiong , Li, Liwu , Li, Mei , Li, Ming , Li, Mingchuan , Li, Pin‐Lan, Li, Ming‐Qing , Li, Qing , Li, Sheng , Li, Wei , Li, Wenming , Li, Xue , Li, Yi-Ping, Li, Yuan , Li, Zhiqiang, Li, Zhiyong , Li, Zhiyuan , Lian, Jiqin, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liang, Weicheng , Liang, Yongheng, Liang, YongTian , Liao, Guanghong , Liao, Lujian , Liao, Yung-Feng, Librizzi, Mariangela, Lie, Pearl P.Y. , Lim, Hyunjung J., Lima, Thania Rios Rossi , Limana, Federica , Lin, Chao , Lin, Chih-Wen, Lin, Dar‐Shong , Lin, Fu‐Cheng , Lin, Jiandie D. , Lin, Kurt M., Lin, Kwang‐Huei , Lin, Qiong, Lin, Shaofeng , Lin, Su-Ju, Lin, Wenyu , Lin, Yao‐Xin , Lin, Yee‐Shin, Linden, Rafael, Lindner, Paula , Lipinski, Marta M. , Lipovšek, Saška, Lisiak, Natalia , Liton, Paloma B. , Liu, Chao , Liu, Ching‐Hsuan , Liu, Fang , Liu, Hua-feng , Liu, Huifang , Liu, Jia , Liu, Jing , Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Wei , Liu, Wende , Liu, Xiao-Hong, Liu, Xu , Liu, Yanfen , Liu, Yang, Liu, Yang, Liu, Yueyang , Liu, Yule , Livingston, J. 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H. , Ma, Ning-Fang, Ma, Quanhong , Ma, Xinliang , Ma, Yueyun , Ma, Zhenyi , MacDougald, Ormond A. , MacIntosh, Gustavo C. , Macleod, Kay F. , Maday, Sandra , Madeo, Frank , Madesh, Muniswamy , Madl, Tobias , Madrigal‐Matute, Julio , Maeda, Akiko, Maejima, Yasuhiro , Magariños, Marta , Mahavadi, Poornima , Maiani, Emiliano , Maiese, Kenneth , Maiti, Panchanan , Maiuri, Maria Chiara , Major, Michael Ben, Makareeva, Elena , Malik, Fayaz , Mallilankaraman, Karthik , Maloyan, Alina , Mammadova, Najiba, Man, Gene Chi Wai , Manai, Federico , Mancias, Joseph D. , Mandelkow, Eva‐Maria , Manfredi, Angelo A. , Manshian, Bella B. , Manzano, Raquel , Marchese, Chiara , Marchetti, Sandrine , Marcucci, F, Mardente, Stefania , Mareninova, Olga A. , Mari, Muriel , Marinelli, Sara , Mariño, Guillermo , Mariotto, Sofia , Martin, Alexandre , Martin, Katie R. , Martin, Sara L. , Martín‐Segura, Adrián , Martin-Burriel, Inmaculada, Martín-Rincón, Marcos , Martín‐Sanz, Paloma , Martinez, Aitor , Martı́nez, Ana , Martinez-Lopez, Nuria, Martínez‐Vicente, Marta , Martins, Daniel Oliveira , Martins, Joilson O. , Martins, Waleska K. , Martins-Marques, Tania, Marzetti, Emanuele , Masaldan, Shashank , Masclaux-Daubresse, Celine, Mashek, Douglas G. , Massa, Valentina , Massieu, Lourdes , Masyuk, Anatoliy I. , Masyuk, Tetyana V., Matheu, Ander , Matoba, Satoaki , Matsuzaki, Sachiko , Mattar, Pamela , Mattè, Alessandro , Mauriz, José L., Mauthe, Mario , Maycotte, Paola , Mayer, Johanna , Mazzoni, Cristina , Mazzulli, Joseph R. , McCarty, Nami , McGill, Mitchell R. , McKenna, Sharon L. , McLoughlin, Fionn , McNiven, Mark A., McWilliams, Thomas G. , Medeiros, Tania , Medina, Diego L., Megeney, Lynn A. , Megyeri, Klára , Mehrpour, Maryam , Mehta, Jawahar L. , Meijer, Alfred J., Mejlvang, Jakob , Meléndez, Alicia , Melk, Annette, Memişoğlu, Gönen , Mendes, A.F. , Meng, Delong , Meng, Fei, Mercier, A., Mergny, Jean‐Louis , Merkley, Seth D. , Meske, Volker, Mestre, Ana Cecilia, Metur, Shree Padma, Meyer, C., Meyer, Hemmo , Mi, Wenyi , Mialet‐Perez, Jeanne , Miao, Jun‐Ying, Micale, Lucia , Miki, Yasuo, Milan, Enrico , Milczarek, Małgorzata , Miller, Samuel I. , Millward, Steven W. , Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Hamid Reza , Mirzaei, Mehdi , Mishra, Amit , Mishra, Nandita , Mishra, Paras Kumar, Misirkić, Maja , Misasi, Roberta, Misra, Amit , Misso, Gabriella , Mitchell, Claire H. , Mitou, Géraldine, Miura, Tetsuji , Miyazaki, Makoto, Miyazaki, Mitsunori , Miyazaki, Taiga , Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru , Mogensen, Trine H. , Mohammadinejad, Reza , Mohamud, Yasir , Mohanty, Abhishek , Möhlmann, Torsten , Moley, Kelle H. , Möller, Andreas, Mollereau, Bertrand , Mollinedo, Faustino, Montagna, Costanza , Monteiro, Mervyn J. , Montella, Andrea , Montes, L. Ruth , Montico, Barbara , Mony, Vinod K., Compagnoni, Giacomo Monzio , Moore, Michael N. , Moosavi, Mohammad Amin , Morales‐Álamo, David , Moratalla, Rosario , Moreira, Paula I. , Morelli, Elena , Moreno-Blas, Daniel , Morgan, Alwena H. , Morin, Fabrice , Morishita, Hideaki , Moriyama, Mariko , Moriyasu, Yuji, Morleo, Manuela , Morselli, Eugenia , Moruno-Manchon, Jose F. , Moscat, Jorge , Motori, Elisa , Moura, Andréa Felinto , Mrakovcic, Maria, Muciño-Hernández, Gabriel, Mukherjee, Anupam , Mukhopadhyay, Subhadip , Levy, Jean M. 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Celeste, Nicoli, Francesco , Nieto‐Díaz, Manuel , Niranjan, Rituraj , Nishimune, Hiroshi , Niso-Santano, Mireia, Nixon, Ralph A. , Nobili, Annalisa , Noda, Takeshi , Nogueira-Recalde, Uxía , Nombela, Iván , Novak, Ivana, Novoa, Beatriz , Nukina, Nobuyuki , Nussbaum-Krammer, Carmen, Nylandsted, Jesper , O’Donovan, Tracey R. , O’Leary, Seónadh M. , O’Rourke, Eyleen J. , O’Sullivan, Mary P. , O’Sullivan, Timothy E., Oddo, Salvatore , Oehme, Ina, Ogawa, Michinaga , Ogier‐Denis, Éric , Ögmundsdóttir, Margrét H. , Öğretmen, Besim , Oh, Goo Taeg , Oh, Seon‐Hee , Oh, Young J. , Ohama, Takashi, Ohashi, Yohei , Ohmuraya, Masaki, Oikonomou, Vasileios , Ojha, Rani , Okazawa, Hitoshi , Oku, M., Oliván, Sara , Oliveira, Jorge M.A. , Ollmann, Michael, Olzmann, James A. , Omari, Shakib , Önal, Gizem, Ondrej, Martin , Ong, Sang‐Bing , Onnis, Anna , Orellana, Juan , Orellana‐Muñoz, Sara , Ortega-Villaizán, María del Mar , Ortiz‐González, Xilma R. , Osiewacz, Heinz D. , Osman, Abdel‐Hamid K. , Otsu, Kinya, Ott, Christiane , Ou, Jing-hsiung James, Outeiro, Tiago F., Öztürk, Melek , Pagès, Gilles, Pahari, Susanta , Pajares, Marta, Pal, Rituraj, Paladino, Simona , Palmieri, Michela , Palmisano, Giuseppe , Pan, Qingjun , Pan, Xin , Panasyuk, Ganna , Pandey, Rahul , Pandey, Udai B., Pandya, Vrajesh , Paneni, Francesco , Pang, Shirley Yin-Yu, Papademetrio, Daniela L. , Papinski, Daniel, Papp, Diana , Park, Hwan Tae , Park, Ji-Man, Park, Jong‐In , Park, Junsoo, Park, Sang-Youel, Pasquier, Adrien , Pasquier, Benoit , Passos, João F. , Pastore, Nunzia , Patschan, Daniel , Pattingre, Sophie , Pedraza‐Alva, Gustavo , Pedraza-Chaverri, Jose, Pedrozo, Zully , Pei, Gang , Pei, Jianming , Peled-Zehavi, Hadas, Pellegrini, Joaquín Miguel , Pelletier, Joffrey , Peñalva, Miguel A., Peng, Di , Peng, Ying , Pennuto, Maria , Pentimalli, Francesca , Pereira, Cláudia MF, Pereira, Gustavo J.S. , Pereira, Lílian Cristina , Almeida, Luís Pereira de , Perera, Nirma D. , Pérez-Lara, Ángel, Pérez‐Oliva, Ana B. , Perl, András , Pestell, Richard G. , Petrache, I., Petrovski, Goran , Pfirrmann, Thorsten , Pfister, Astrid S., Pi, Huifeng , Pickrell, Alicia M. , Picot, Sandy, Pierantoni, Giovanna Maria , Pierre, Philippe , Pierrefite‐Carle, Valérie , Pierzynowska, Karolina , Pietruczuk, Mirosława , Pimentel-Muiños, Felipe X., Pinar, Mario , Pinheiro, Roberta Olmo , Pinkas‐Kramarski, Ronit , Pircs, Karolina , Piya, Sujan , Pizzo, Paola , Platta, Harald W. , Plomann, Markus , Pocock, Roger , Pöggeler, Stefanie , Pohl, Christian, Poirot, Marc , Poletti, Angelo , Ponpuak, Marisa , Popelka, Hana , Popova, Bilyana , Porta, Helena, Alcón, Soledad Porte , Portilla-Fernández, Eliana , Potts, Malia B. , Powers, Ted, Prahlad, Veena , Prajsnar, Tomasz K. , Praticò, Domenico , Prencipe, Rosaria, Priault, Muriel , Proikas‐Cezanne, Tassula , Puertollano, Rosa , Puglielli, Luigi, Pulinilkunnil, Thomas , Puri, Deepika , Puri, Rajat, Puyal, Julien , Qi, Yongmei , Quadrilatero, Joe , Quarleri, Jorge, Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Ragona, Debora, Rahmati, Marveh , Raia, Valeria, Raimundo, Nuno , Rajasekaran, Namakkal-Soorappan, Rao, Sriganesh Ramachandra , Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramírez‐Pardo, Ignacio , Ramsden, D. , Randow, Felix , Ranieri, Danilo , Rao, Hai , Rao, Rekha , Rathore, Sumit , Ratnayaka, J. 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M. , Soldati, Thierry , Soler, Rosa M. , Somarelli, Jason A. , Sonawane, Avinash , Song, Fuyong, Song, Hyun Kyu , Song, Kunhua , Sorice, Maurizio , Soukas, Alexander A. , Soukup, Sandra‐Fausia , Sousa, Diana , Sousa, Nadia, Bharath, M. M. Srinivas , Clair, Daret St., Stagni, Venturina, Staiano, Leopoldo , Stankov, Metodi V. , Stathopulos, Peter B. , Stefan, Katja, Stefan, Sven Marcel , Stefanis, Leonidas, Steffan, Joan S. , Steinkasserer, Alexander , Stenmark, Harald, Sterneckert, Jared , Stevens, Craig , Storch, Stephan , Strappazzon, Flavie , Strohecker, Anne M. , Stupack, Dwayne G., Su, Huanxing , Su, Ling‐Yan , Suarez-Fontes, Ana Márcia , Subirada, Paula V., Sudhandiran, Ganapasam, Sue, Carolyn M. , Sui, Xinbing , Summers, Corey M., Sun, Guangchao , Sun, Zhongjie , Sunahara, Karen K. S. , Susztak, Katalin, Šutovský, Peter , Suzuki, Hidekazu , Sweeney, Gary , Symons, J. David , Sze, Stephen Cho Wing , Szewczyk, Nathaniel J. , Tabęcka-Łonczynska, Anna, Tabolacci, Claudio , Taegtmeyer, Heinrich, Tagaya, Mitsuo , Tai, Haoran , Tait, Stephen W. G., Takahashi, Yoshinori , Tam, Chit , Tam, Shing Yau , Tampellini, Davide , Tamura, Atsushi , Tan, Eng-King, Tan, Ya‐Qin , Tanaka, Masaki , Tang, Daolin , Tang, Jingfeng , Tang, Tie-Shan , Tao, Zhipeng , Taouis, Mohammed , Tavernarakis, Nektarios, Taylor, Allen, Teixeira, Natércia , Tekirdağ, Kumsal Ayşe, Tencomnao, Tewin , Tenreiro, Sandra , Tharaux, Pierre‐Louis , Thedieck, Kathrin , Thekkinghat, Arvind A. , Thinwa, Josephine , Thirumalaikumar, Venkatesh P. , Thomes, Paul G. , Thorburn, Andrew , Thum, Thomas, Thumm, Michael , Tian, Ling, Tichý, Aleš , Timmerman, Vincent , Titorenko, Vladimir I. , Toivonen, Janne M. , Tomaipitinca, Luana , Tomar, Dhanendra , Tomás‐Zapico, Cristina , Tomić, Sergej , Tong, Chao, Tong, Xin , Torgersen, Maria L., Torii, Satoru , Torres-López, Liliana , Torriglia, Alicia , Towers, Christina G. , Towns, Roberto, Tran, Quynh‐Giao , Travassos, Leonardo H. , Tremel, Shirley , Trougakos, Ioannis P., Tsao, Betty P. , Tse, Tak Fu, Tsvetkov, Andrey S. , Tumbarello, David A. , Tyler, Jessica K., Tyutereva, Elena V. , Uchiyama, Yasuo , Ugun‐Klusek, Aslihan , Uhlig, Holm H. , Ułamek-Kozioł, Marzena, Ulasov, Ilya V. , Umekawa, Midori, Ungermann, Christian , Urbe, Sylvie, Uribe-Carretero, Elisabet , Uversky, Vladimir N. , Vaccaro, María I. , Vahsen, Björn F. , Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Helin, Valdor, Rut , Valente, Maria João , Valko, Ayelén , Vallée, Richard, Valverde, Ángela M. , Berghe, Greet Van den, Veen, Stijn van der , Kaer, Luc Van , Loosdregt, Jorg van , Wijk, Sjoerd J. L. van , Vandenberghe, Wim , Vanhorebeek, Ilse , Vannier-Santos, Marcos A., Vannini, Nicola , Vanrell, M. Cristina, Vantaggiato, Chiara , Varela‐Nieto, Isabel , Varga, Máté , Vasconcelos, M. Helena , Vats, Somya , Vega-Rubín-de-Celis, Silvia , Velasco, Guillermo , Velázquez, Ariadna P., Vellai, Tibor , Vellenga, Edo , Verdier, Mireille , Verginis, Panayotis , Vergne, Isabelle , Verkade, Paul , Verma, Manish , Verstreken, Patrik , Vervliet, Tim , Vervoorts, Jörg , Víctor, Víctor M., Vidoni, Chiara , Vieira, Otília V. , Vierstra, Richard D., Viganò, Sonia , Vihinen, Helena , Vijayan, Vinoy, Vila, Miquel , Villalba, José M., Villalobo, Antonio , Villarejo‐Zori, Beatriz , Vincent, Olivier , Vindis, Cécile , Viret, Christophe , Vocadlo, David J. , Voitsekhovskaja, Olga V. , Volonté, Cinzia , Volta, Mattia , Vomero, Marta , Haefen, Clarissa von, Vooijs, Marc , Voos, Wolfgang , Vučićević, Ljubica , Waguri, Satoshi , Waite, Kenrick A., Wakatsuki, Shuji , Walker, David W., Walker, Mark J. , Walter, Jochen, Wandosell, Francisco , Wang, Bo , Wang, Chao-Yung, Wang, Chen , Wang, Chenran, Wang, Chenwei , Wang, Cun-Yu, Wang, Fengming, Wang, Han, Wang, Hexiang , Wang, Hong‐Gang , Wang, Jianrong, Wang, Jigang , Wang, Jun-Dong , Wang, Kui , Wang, Lianrong, Wang, Liming , Wang, Maggie Haitian, Wang, Meiqing , Wang, Nanbu , Wang, Pengwei , Wang, Ping , Wang, Ping, Wang, Q., Wang, Qiong , Wang, Wentao , Wang, Xinnan, Wang, Xuejun , Wang, Yan, Wang, Yanchang , Wang, Yanzhuang , Wang, Yihua , Wang, Yu , Wang, Yuqi , Wang, Zhe, Wang, Zhenyu , Wang, Zhouguang , Watanabe, Eizo, Watchon, Maxinne , Wawrzyńska, Anna , Weaver, Timothy E., Węgrzyn, Grzegorz, Wehman, Ann M. , Wei, Huafeng , Wei, Taotao , Wei, Yongjie, Weiergräber, Oliver H. , Weihl, Conrad C., Weindl, Günther , Weiskirchen, Ralf , Wen, Runxia H. , Werner, Antonia, Weykopf, Beatrice , Whitton, J. Lindsay , Wiktorska, Katarzyna , Wildenberg, Manon E. , Wileman, Tom, Wilkinson, Simon , Williams, Brett, Williams, Robin S. B. , Williamson, Peter R. , Wilson, Richard A. , Winsor, Nathaniel J. , Wodrich, Harald , Woehlbier, Ute , Wollert, Thomas , Wong, Richard W., Wong, Vincent Kam Wai , Wong, W. Wei-Lynn, Wu, Anguo , Wu, Kenneth K., Wu, Shan‐Ying , Wu, William Ka Kei , Wu, Shufang, Wu, Xiaoqing , Wu, Yao‐Wen , Wu, Yihua , Xavier, Ramnik J. , Xia, Hongguang , Xia, Lixin , Xia, Zhengyuan , Ge, Xiang , Xiang, Jin , Xiang, Mingliang , Xiang, Wei , Xiao, Guozhi , Xiao, Hengyi , Xiao, Hongtao , Xiao, Jian, Xiao, Lan , Xiao, Shi , Xiao, Yin , Xie, Baoming, Xie, Zhiping , Xie, Min , Xie, Yuxiang , Xie, Zhonglin, Xilouri, Maria , Xu, En , Xu, Jin‐Rong , Xu, Liang , Xu, Xiulong , Xue, Yu , Yakhine-Diop, Sokhna M. S. , Yamaguchi, Masamitsu , Yamamoto, Ai , Yamashina, Shunhei, Yan, Shengmin , Yan, Shian-Jang, Yan, Zhen , Yang, Chuanbin , Yang, Dun-Sheng, Yang, Huan , Yang, Huang-Tian, Yang, Hui , Yang, Jing , Yang, Jingyu , Yang, Ling , Liu, Yang , Yang, Ming , Yang, Seungwon, Yang, Shu , Yang, Shun-Fa , Yang, Wannian, Yang, Wei , Yang, Xiaoyong , Yang, Yi , Yao, Xiaoqiang , Yao, Yong-Gang , Yao, Yong-ming, Yasui, Takahiro , Yazdankhah, Meysam, Yi, Cong , Yin, Xiao-Ming , Yin, Yanhai , Yin, Zhangyuan , Yin, Ziyi , Ying, Meidan , Ying, Zheng, Yip, Calvin K. , Yiu, Stephanie Pei Tung , Yoo, Young Hyun , Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Yousefi, Bahman, Yu, Boxuan , Yu, Haiyang , Yu, Jun, Li, Yu , Yu, Ming‐Lung , Yu, Seong-Woon, Yu, Victor C. , Yu, Zhengping, Yuan, Junying , Yuan, Ling‐Qing , Yuan, Shilin , Yuan, Yanggang , Yuan, Zengqiang , Yue, Jianbo , Yue, Zhenyu , Yung, Raymond , Zacks, David, Zaffagnini, Gabriele , Zambelli, Vanessa O. , Zanella, Isabella , Zang, Qun S. , Zanivan, Sara , Zappavigna, Silvia , Zaragoza, P. , Zarbalis, Konstantinos S., Zarebkohan, Amir , Zarrouk, Amira , Zeitlin, Scott, Zeng, Jialiu , Zeng, Judeng , Žerovnik, Eva , Zhan, Lixuan , Zhang, Donna D., Zhang, Hong , Zhang, Honghe , Zhang, Huafeng , Zhang, Huaye, Zhang, Huiling , Zhang, Jianbin , Zhang, Jingpu , Zhang, Kalin Yanbo , Zhang, Leshuai W. , Zhang, Lu , Zhang, Luoying , Zhang, Menghuan, Zhang, Peng , Zhang, Sheng , Zhang, Xiangnan, Zhang, Xiao-Wei, Zhang, Xiaolei , Zhang, Xiaoyan , Zhang, Xin , Zhang, Xinxin , Zhang, Yang, Zhang, Yi , Zhang, Yingdong , Zhang, Yuanyuan , Zhang, Yuchen , Zhang, Zhe , Zhang, Zhibing , Zhang, Zili , Zhao, Haobin, Zhao, Lei , Zhao, Shuang , Zhao, Tongbiao , Zhao, Ying, Zhao, Yongchao , Zhao, Yongliang , Zhao, Yuting , Zheng, Guoping , Zheng, Kai, Zheng, Ling , Zheng, Shizhong , Zheng, Xi‐Long , Zheng, Zu‐Guo , Zhivotovsky, Boris, Zhong, Qing , Zhou, Ao, Zhou, Ben , Zhou, Cefan , Zhou, Gang , Zhou, Hongbo , Zhou, Kailiang, Zhou, Rongjia , Zhou, Yanshuang, Zhou, Yinghong , Zhou, Yubin , Zhou, Zhengyu, Zhou, Zhou , Zhu, Binglin , Zhu, Changlian , Zhu, Guo‐Qing , Zhu, Haining , Zhu, Hongxin, Zhu, Yanping , Zhu, Yushan , Zhuang, Haixia , Zhuang, Xiaohong , Zimmermann, Christine , Żołądek, Teresa , Zong, Wei‐Xing, Zorov, Dmitry B. , Zorzano, Antonio, Zou, Weiping, Zou, Zhen , Zou, Zhengzhi, Zuryn, Steven , Kenchappa, Chandra Shekar, Li, Zuguo , Lin, Yong , Sluimer, Judith C. , Stallings, Christina L. , Tong, Chun-Kit, Wang, Ping , Hu, Bo , Lee, Edward B. , Tse, Hung‐Fat , Suszták, Katalin , Lei, Yu Leo , Yu, M-L , Dai, Yun , Bartolome, Alberto , Brown, Rhoderick E , Passos, João F , Paneni, Francesco , Sahin, Özgür , Pereira de Almeida, Luis , Ren, Jun , Bornhauser, Beat , Kumar, Sharad , Sampaio-Marques, Belém , Ludovico, Paula , Luftig, Micah , Begun, Jakob , Krasnodembskaya, Anna D , Dafsari, Hormos Salimi , Chevet, Eric , Tse, Hung-Fat , Barmada, Sami , Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Darius , Cavadas, Claudia , Sue, Carolyn M , Cardenal-Muñoz, Elena , Lee, Edward B , Golebiewska, Anna , Calbet, Jose A L , Boya, Patricia , Maday, Sandra , Klionsky, Daniel J. , Abdelfatah, Sara , Abdoli, Asghar , Agarwal, Anupam , Ahmed, Zubair M. , Alcocer‐Gómez, Elísabet , Ali, Muhammad , Al‐Bari, Md. Abdul Alim , Aliwaini, Saeb H. , Alizadeh, Javad , Almacellas, Eugènia , Almasan, Alexandru , Alonso, G. , Altieri, Dario C. , Andersen, Stig Uggerhøj , Andrade-Silva, Magaiver , Angelini, Sabrina , Apostolova, Nadezda , Arasaki, Kohei , Araújo, Wagner L. , Arden, Catherine , Arimoto, Hirokazu , Armstrong-James, Darius P. H. , Pelloquin, Laetitia , Aschner, Michael , Ashrafizadeh, Milad , Autelli, Riccardo , Aveic, Sanja , Avin‐Wittenberg, Tamar , Ayton, Scott , Backues, Steven K. , Bae, Dong-Hun , Bae, Ok‐Nam , Baek, Ahruem , Baek, Seung‐Hoon , Baek, Sung Hee , Bai, Jie , Bai, Yidong , Baldari, Cosima T. , Balduini, Walter , Ballabio, Andrea , Banerjee, Sreeparna , Bao, Yan , Baptista, Maurı́cio S. , Barreto, George Emilio , Basagoudanavar, Suresh H. , Bast, Robert C. , Basu, Alakananda , Batoko, Henri , Batten, Isabella , Behrens, Georg M. N. , Bei, Roberto , Behl, Christian , Bello‐Morales, Raquel , Beltrán, Sebastián , Bergami, Matteo , Bergmann, Andreas , Berthoux, Lionel , Bhattacharya, Resham , Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli , Bhutia, Sujit Kumar , Bi, Lanrong , Birgisdottir, Åsa Birna , Bjørkøy, Geir , Blomgren, Klas , Boada-Romero, Emilio , Boesze‐Battaglia, Kathleen , Bonifacino, Juan S. , Boone, Brian A. , Borthakur, Gautam , Bosch, Jürgen , Bose, Santanu , Botana, Luis Miguel , Boulton, Michael E. , Bourdenx, Mathieu , Brackney, Doug E. , Brandts, Christian , Braun, Ralf J. , Braus, Gerhard H. , Bravo, Roberto , Brody, Steven L. , Brown, Carolyn Nicole , Brumell, John Hunter , Brunetti‐Pierri, Nicola , Buitrago‐Molina, Laura Elisa , Buraschi, Simone , Buch, Shilpa J. , Butturini, Elena , Cairó, Montserrat , Caldwell, Kim A. , Campbell‐Valois, François‐Xavier , Campello, Silvia , Campesi, Ilaria , Almeida, Danilo Cândido de , Canesi, Laura , Caraglia, Michele , Carchman, Evie H. , Carmona‐Gutiérrez, Didac , Carnevali, Oliana , Carrier, Lucie , Carroll, Bernadette , Carter, A. Brent , Casas, Caty , Castillo, Eliseo F. , Castro‐Caldas, Margarida , Castro‐Obregón, Susana , Catz, Sergio , Cayuela, María Luisa , Cecarini, Valentina , Cecconi, Francesco , Cenci, Simone , Ceperuelo‐Mallafré, Victòria , Cervia, Davide , Chae, Han–Jung , Chakrabarti, Oishee , Chan, Edmond Y. W., Chan, Edward D. , Chandra, Partha Kumar , Chang, Chih‐Peng , Chang, Chunmei , Chapman, Tracey , Chen, Guang‐Chao , Chen, Leilei , Chen, Lin , Chen, Quan , Chen, Ruey‐Hwa , Chen, Shi , Chen, Wei‐Qiang , Chen, Xu , Chen, Yu-Jen , Chen, Yujie , Chen, Zhi , Chen, Zhijian J. , Chen, Zhixiang , Cheng, Hanhua , Cheng, Jun , Cheng, Shi‐Yuan , Cheng, Wei Nee , Cheng, Xiaodong , Chen, Zhong , Cheong, Heesun , Chernyak, Boris V. , Chi, Richard J., Chiang, Aks , Chiarelli, Roberto , Chu, Charleen T. , Chung, Seockhoon , Cianfanelli, Valentina , Cifuentes, Mariana , Cirone, Mara , Clague, Michael J. , Cohen, Ehud , Cohen, Mickaël M. , Čolić, Miodrag J , Combaret, Lydie , Comincini, Sergio , Conte, Andrea, Conti, Fabrizio , Coppens, Isabelle , Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana , Corkery, Dale , Cordes, Nils , Cortese, Katia , Coto‐Montes, Ana M. , Crack, Peter John , Crespo, José L. , Cuadrado, Antonio , Cui, Jun , Cui, Yong , D’Arcangelo, Daniela , D’Lugos, Andrew C. , Dagda, Ruben Karim , Dagdas, Yasin , Daμμe, Markus , Dantuma, Nico P. , Darling, April L. , Dasarathy, Srinivasan , Daumke, Oliver , Davis, Tanja , Amicis, Francesca De , Felice, Francesca De , Franceschi, Lucia De , Milito, Angelo De , Nunzio, Cosimo De , Santi, Mauro De , Debnath, Jayanta , DeBosch, Brian J. , DeGregori, James V. , Rio, Gabriel del , Delbridge, Lea M.D. , Delpino, M. Victoria , Demarchi, Francesca , Dembitz, Vilma , Deng, Zhiqiang , Denton, Donna , Der, Channing J , Deretić, Vojo , Dhiman, Rohan , Bernardo, Diego di , Cristina, Manlio Di , Nardo, Alessia Di, Sano, Federica Di , Diallinas, George , Diaz-Araya, Guillermo, Đikić, Ivan , Ding, Wen‐Xing , Dini, Luciana , Dionne, Marc , Diwan, Abhinav , Dixon, Ian , Djavaheri‐Mergny, Mojgan , Dobrinski, Ina , Dobrovinskaya, Oxana R. , Dobrowolski, Radek , Dobson, Renwick C. J. , Donadelli, Massimo , Dong, Bo, Dötsch, Volker , Dou, Huan , Dridi, Sami , Du, Caigan , Du, Li‐Lin , Dubrovska, Anna , Dunlop, Elaine A. , Dwarakanath, Bilikere Srinivasa Rao , Eftekharpour, Eftekhar , Eichinger, Ludwig , Eissa, N. Tony , Eissa, Sanaa , El‐Naggar, Shahenda , Eliopoulos, Aristides G. , Elks, Philip M. , Emerling, Brooke M. , Engelbrecht, Anna‐Mart , Escobar‐Henriques, Mafalda , Fabriàs, Gemma , Fabrizi, Cinzia , Falkenburger, Björn H. , Fan, Yanbo , Fanto, Manolis , Feng, Du , Feng, Yibin , Feng, Yuchen , Fernández-Checa, José Carlos , Filippi‐Chiela, Eduardo Cremonese , Filomeni, Giuseppe , Fineschi, Vittorio , Flamigni, Flavio , Follo, Carlo , Fon, Edward A , Fornai, Francesco , Fraldi, Alessandro , Franco, Brunella , Franco, Rodrigo , Friedman, Scott L. , Frühbeck, Gema , Fujita, Naonobu , Fujiwara, Yuuki , Fukuda, Mitsunori , Furic, Luc , Fusco, Carmela , Galluzzi, Lorenzo, Gan, Boyi , Gao, Hui , Gao, Shou‐Jiang , Gargini, Ricardo , Garry, Robert F. , Ge, Liang , Ge, Wanzhong , Gelfi, Cecilia , Gentle, Ian Edward , Gewirtz, David A , Ghigo, Alessandra , Giampietri, Claudia , Gibson, Spencer B. , Giniger, Edward , Giorgi, Carlotta , Girão, Henrique , Goldstone, David C. , Gomez‐Puerto, Maria Catalina , Goñi, Félix M. , González‐Hernández, Tomás , Gorbatyuk, Marina S. , Goruppi, Sandro , Gottlieb, Roberta A. , Gozes, Illana , Green, Douglas R. , Grinstaff, Mark W. , Grune, Tilman , Guntur, Anyonya R. , Guo, Lian‐Wang , Gupta, Shashi Kumar , Gustafsson, Åsa B. , Haapasalo, Annakaisa , Hadano, Shinji , Hafrén, Anders , Hall, Belinda S. , Hamann, Andréa , Han, Weidong , Hanson, Phyllis I. , Haroon, Nigil , Harris, James , Hasegawa, Takafumi , Nagoor, Noor Hasima , Hay, Bruce A. , Hayrabedyan, Soren , He, Yu‐Ying , Helgason, G. Vignir , Hergovich, Alexander , Hernández–Gea, Virginia , Heussler, Volker Theo , Hlavacek, William S. , Hobbs, G. Aaron , Hochstrasser, Mark , Hofman, Paul , Holmberg, Carina I. , Hombrebueno, José R. , Hoppe, Thorsten , Horos, Rastislav , Hoshida, Yujin , Hsu, Hsin‐Yun , Hu, Li‐Fang , Hu, Ming Chang , Hu, Ronggui , Hu, Yu‐Chen , Hua, Fang , Hua, Jinlian, Hua, Yingqi , Huang, Canhua , Huang, Chuanxin , Huang, Kun , Huang, Rui , Huber, Tobias Bruno , Humbert, Magali , Hussey, Patrick J. , Hwang, Hui‐Yun , Hwang, Seungmin , Imai, Yuzuru , Iovanna, Juan , Ippolito, Giuseppe , Irazoqui, Javier E. , Ishaq, Mohd, Ishikawa, Makoto , Isidoro, Ciro , Izumi, Masanori , Jäättelä, Marja , Jabir, Majid Sakhi , Jackson, William T. , Jacomin, Anne‐Claire , Jakobi, Arjen J. , Jantsch, Jonathan , Jassey, Alagie , Jean, Steve , Jendelová, Pavla , Jewell, Jenna L. , Ji, Jing , Jiang, Liwen , Jin, Eun‐Jung , Jin, Hongchuan , Jin, Meiyan , Jo, Eun‐Kyeong , Johansen, Terje , Johnson, Gail V.W. , Jolly, Mohit Kumar , Joosten, Leo A. B. , Jordán, Joaquı́n , Joseph, Bertrand , Ju, Dianwen , Ju, Jeong-Sun , Ju, Jingfang , Judith, Delphine , Jung, Yong‐Keun , Kaarniranta, Kai , Kabuta, Tomohiro , Kahana, Alon , Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O. , Kanasaki, Keizo , Kanthasamy, Anumantha G. , Karamouzis, Michalis V. , Karmakar, Parimal , Katare, Rajesh , Kaufmann, Stefan H. E. , Kaushik, Susmita , Kawasaki, Kiyoshi, Ke, Po‐Yuan , Keating, Damien J. , Kehrl, John H. , Keller, Christian W. , Kemper, Jongsook Kim , Kermorgant, Stéphanie , Ketteler, Robin , Khambu, Bilon , Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Eun Young , Kim, Jin Kyung , Kim, Jin‐Hoi , Kim, Ju Hwan , Kim, Keun Il , Kim, Peter Kijun , Kinghorn, Kerri J. , Kirkin, Vladimir , Киселев, С. Л. , Kittler, Josef T. , Knorr, Roland L. , Ko, Ben C.B. , Ko, Jiunn‐Liang , Kobayashi, Hotaka , Koenig, Ulrich , Koike, Masato , Kohlwein, Sepp Dieter , Komatsu, Masaaki , Kopp, Benjamin T. , Korcsmaros, Tamas Douglas , Korolchuk, Viktor I. , Kotler, Mónica L. , Koukourakis, Michael Ioannis , Kovács, Tibor, Koya, Daisuke , Kozako, Tomohiro , Krämer, Helmut , Kroemer, Guido , Ktistakis, Nicholas T. , Kuchitsu, Kazuyuki , Kumar, Ashok , Kumar, Deepak, Kundu, Mondira , Kurgan, Lukasz , Kutateladze, Tatiana G. , Kwon, Ho Jeong , Kwon, Taeg Kyu , Kyrmizi, Irene , Spada, Albert R. La , Lai, Zhibing, Lamark, Trond , Lane, Jon D. , Lang, Charles H. , Lange, Carsten, Langel, Ülo , Lapaquette, Pierre , LaRusso, Nicholas F. , Lastres‐Becker, Isabel , Lavandero, Sergio , Law, Hkw , Layfield, Robert , Leduc‐Gaudet, Jean‐Philippe , Lee, He-Jin, Lee, Jae Man , Lee, Jun Hee , Lee, Seung‐Jae , Lee, Ying‐Ray , Lefebvre, Christophe , Legouis, Renaud , Leitinger, Gerd , Lenz, Heinz Josef, León, Yolanda, Leopoldino, Andréia Machado , Leung, Chi-Ting, Levine, Beth , Li, Jing , Li, Ke, Li, Min , Li, Min , Li, Pin‐Lan , Li, Tiangang , Li, Zhiqiang, Lian, Jiqin , Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong , Liao, Mingzhi , Lilly, Mary A. , Lin, Liang , Lin, Pei‐Hui , Lin, Xueying , Linden, Rafael , Ling, Shuo‐Chien , Lingor, Paul , Linnemann, Amelia K , Liou, Yih‐Cherng , Lira, Vitor Agnew , Liu, Chunfeng , Liu, Cui Hua , Liu, Hao , Liu, Hsiao‐Sheng , Liu, Julia C. , Liu, Longhua , Liu, Meilian , Liu, Qin , Liu, Xiao-Hong, Liu, Xiaodong , Liu, Xingguo , Liu, Xuedong , Liu, Yang, Liu, Yang, Lizard, Gérard , Llorente, Alicia , Long, Qi , Long, Yun Chau, López, Manuela G. , Lőrincz, Péter , Lovat, Penny E. , Lu, Jin‐Jian , Lum, Julian J., Lünemann, Jan D. , Luo, Shouqing , Ma, Changle , Ma, Mengxiao , Ma, Ning‐Fang , Macián, Fernando , MacKeigan, Jeffrey P. , Majello, Barbara , Malorni, Walter , Mandell, Michael A. , Manjili, Masoud H. , Manjithaya, Ravi R. , Manque, Patrício , Manzoni, Claudia , Mao, Kai, Marconi, Anna Maria , Margeta, Marta , Marinelli, Oliviero , Marshall, Richard Scott , Marten, Mark R. , Martens, Sascha , Martin, Sara, Martín-Acebes, Miguel A. , Martín‐Burriel, Inmaculada , Martina, José A. , Martinet, Wim , Martinez, Jennifer , Martínez‐Velázquez, Moisés , Martinez-Lopez, Nuria, Martins‐Marques, Tânia , Masclaux‐Daubresse, Céline , Masson, Glenn Robert , Masuelli, Laura , Masyuk, Tetyana V., Matarrese, Paola , Mattoscio, Domenico , Mauriz, Jose Luis , Mauvezin, Caroline , Maverakis, Emanual Michael , Mazzoccoli, Gianluigi , McDonald, Christine , McLaughlin, BethAnn , Mechta‐Grigoriou, Fatima , Meijer, Annemarie H. , Meng, Tian, Menna‐Barreto, Rubem F. S. , Menon, Manoj B., Mercer, Carol A. , Mercier, Anne E., Merighi, Adalberto , Merla, Giuseppe , Miller, Dana L. , Miller, Silke , Milošević, Ira , Minina, Elena A. , Mirzaei, Mehdi, Mishra, Paras Kumar , Miyamoto, Shigeki, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mograbi, Baharia , Mohanty, Abhishek , Mohapatra, Sipra , Mohmmed, Asif , Moles, Anna , Molinari, Maurizio , Mollace, Vincenzo , Møller, Andreas Buch , Mora, Ana Lucia , Mora, Marina, Morelli, Elena, Moreno, Sandra , Moresi, Viviana , Morga, Benjamín , Moritz, Orson L. , Moriyama, Mariko, Mostowy, Serge , Moustaïd‐Moussa, Naïma , Muller, Sylviane , Munjal, Ashok Kumar , Muñoz‐Cánoves, Pura , Münz, Christian , Muratori, Claudia, Murphy, John Patrick , Nabissi, Massimo , Nah, Jihoon , Nakagawa, Ichiro, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi , Nardacci, Roberta , Narita, Masashi , Neri, Luca Maria , Neufeld, Thomas P. , Nezis, Ioannis P. , Ni, Hong‐Min , Nicolao, María Celeste , Nilsson, Per Gunnar , Ning, Shunbin , Nóbrega, Clévio , Nolan, Trevor M. , Novak, Ivana, Nozawa, Takashi , Nussbaum-Krammer, Carmen I. , O’Sullivan, Timothy E., Oehme, Ina , Ohmuraya, Masaki , Okamoto, Koji , Oku, Masahide, Omary, M. Bishr , Önal, Gizem , Ong, Sang‐Ging , Ortona, Elena , Osta, Rosario , Otegui, Marisa S. , Ottobrini, Luisa , Outeiro, Tiago F. , Øynebråten, Inger , Pajvani, Utpal B. , Pallet, Nicolas , Palumbo, Camilla , Pampaloni, Francesco , Pan, Lifeng , Pan, Wenliang, Pandey, Udai Bhan , Panzarini, Elisa , Papaleo, Elena , Park, Eun Chan , Park, Joon Tae , Park, Sang Chul , Parola, Abraham H. , Parys, Jan B. , Patel, Hemal H. , Patschan, Daniel , Pei, Jianming, Peled‐Zehavi, Hadas , Penna, Fabio , Pérez-Lara, Ángel , Pérez‐Pérez, María Esther , Periyasamy, Palsamy , Perrotta, Cristiana , Perrotta, Ida Daniela , Petersen, Morten , Petrache, Irina , Philips, Jennifer A. , Picca, Anna , Pierdominici, Marina , Pietrocola, Federico , Pignata, Claudio , Pinton, Paolo , Plantinga, Theo S. , Plaza‐Zabala, Ainhoa , Plotnikov, Egor Y. , Plun‐Favreau, Hélène , Pluta, Ryszard , Popova, Blagovesta, Porta, Helena , Post, Martin , Poulton, Joanna , Promponas, Vasilis J. , Proud, Christopher G. , Puri, Rajat , Qi, Xiaopeng , Qian, Wenbin , Qiang, Lei , Qiu, Yu, Quarleri, Jorge Fabián , Ragusa, Michael J. , Rahimi, Nader , Rangarajan, Pundi Narasimhan , Rao, Lang , Rao, Rekha, Razani, Babak , Régnier, Jean-Claude , Reichert, Andreas S , Reue, Karen , Ricci, Jean‐Ehrland , Ricci, Roméo , Rikihisa, Yasuko , Roberts, Helen C., Roberts, Luke D., Roccheri, Maria Carmela , Rodney, George Gerald , Rodrigues, Tiago, Rodrı́guez, Amaia , Barrueco, Ruth Rodriguez , Rodríguez‐Rocha, Humberto , Roelofs, Jeroen , Rolka, Krzysztof , Romeo-Guitart, David , Roperto, Sante , Roth, Kevin A. , Roth, Lynn , Rovere‐Querini, Patrizia , Rubinsztein, David Chaim , Rudolf, Emil, Rudolf, Rüdiger, Ryan, Kevin M. , Ryu, Kwon‐Yul , Sachdev, Ulka , Sacher, Michael, Sadoshima, Junichi , Safren, Nathaniel , Sagona, Antonia P. , Sahay, Gaurav , Sahebkar, Amirhossein , Sahin, Ozgur, Sahni, Sumit , Saito, Shigeru , Sakai, Ryohei , Sanderson, J. Thomas , Sandri, Marco F. , Santaguida, Stefano , Sanz, Alberto, Sanz, Pascual , Sathyanarayanan, Ranganayaki, Schaefer, Liliana , Scharl, Michael M. , Schätzl, Hermann M. , Scheper, Wiep , Scheuring, David , Schott, Micah B. , Schramm, Michael, Schröder, Bernd, Schüller, Christoph, Scialò, Filippo , Sciarretta, Sebastiano , Scovassi, Anna Ivana , Segatori, Laura , Seiliez, Iban , Seki, Ekihiro , Sellke, Frank W. , Sergi, Consolato Maria , Settembre, Carmine , Shao, Changshun , Sheng, Zhi , Shi, Xiaobing , Shimozawa, Makoto, Shoji, Ikuo, Shridhar, Viji , Shu, Hong‐Bing , Sierra, Amanda , Sierra‐Torre, Virginia , Sil, Payel , Simon, Anna Katharina , Simon, Hans‐Uwe , Simons, Matias , Singh, Lalit Pukhrambam , Sirohi, Kapil , Sivridis, Efthimios , Skirycz, Aleksandra , Slaninová, Iva , Smaili, Soraya Soubhi , Smertenko, Andrii , Smith, Matthew D., Soenen, Stefaan J. , Solaini, Giancarlo , Soleimanpour, Scott A. , Solovchenko, Alexei E. , Song, Fuyong, Song, Ju‐Xian , Song, Zhiyin , Soria, Leandro R. , Spagnuolo, Paul A. , Spector, Stephen A. , Stalnecker, Clint A. , Stefan, Katja, Stefanis, Leonidas , Stenmark, Harald , Stevens, Craig, Stoka, Veronika , Stork, Björn , Su, Longxiang , Subauste, Carlos S. , Subbian, Selvakumar , Sun, Jun , Sun, Kang, Sun, Meng‐Xiang , Sun, Qiming , Sun, Yi Ning , Sundberg, Eva , Tabęcka-Łonczyńska, Anna , Tacke, Frank , Tafani, Marco , Tait, Stephen W. G. , Takáts, Szabolcs , Talwar, Priti , Tan, Chong Teik , Tanaka, Motomasa , Tanida, Isei , Tatenhorst, Lars , Tavernarakis, Nektarios, Taylor, Allen, Taylor, Gregory A., Taylor, Joan M. , Tchetina, Elena V. , Tee, Andrew R. , Tegeder, Irmgard , Teis, David , Teixeira-Clerc, Fatima , Tekirdağ, Kumsal Ayşe, Tepikin, Alexei V. , Testillano, Pilar S. , Tettamanti, Gianluca , Thellung, Stefano , Thomas, Sufi Mary , Thukral, Lipi , Till, Andreas , Todi, Sokol V. , Todorova, Krassimira O. , Tong, Benjamin Chun‐Kit , Tooze, Sharon A. , Torgersen, Maria Lyngaas , Toyokuni, Shinya , Trajković, Vladimir , Tramontano, Donatella , Trelford, Charles B. , Triola, Gemma , Tschan, Mario P. , Tse, Hung‐Fat , Tsugawa, Hitoshi , Tümtaş, Yasin , Tuñón, María Jesús , Turcotte, Sandra , Turk, Boris , Türk, Vito , Turner, Bradley J. , Tuxworth, Richard I. , Unno, Rei , Urbé, Sylvie , Üstün, Şuayib , Vaccari, Thomas , Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Helin , Vanrell, María Cristina , Varano, Gabriele , Vavvas, Demetrios G. , Vega‐Naredo, Ignacio , Velotti, Francesca , Vessoni, Alexandre Teixeira , Vidal, Michel, Vierstra, Richard David , Vijayan, Vinoy, Vilar, Marçal , Villarroya, Francesc , Villarroya, Joan , Viscomi, Maria Teresa , Višnjić, Dora , Vitale, Ilio , Wade‐Martins, Richard , Walker, David W., Walker, Simon A. , Walter, Jochen , Wang, Chao-Yung, Wang, Dong , Wang, Fangyang , Wang, Feng , Wang, Guansong , Wang, Han, Wang, Hao , Wang, Jiou , Wang, Lianrong , Wang, Peipei , Wang, Ping, Wang, Qing Jun , Wang, Qing , Wang, Wuyang , Wang, Yan, Wang, Yen‐Yun , Wang, Yipeng , Warnes, Gary , Warnsmann, Verena , Watada, Hirotaka , Wei, Lei , Wells, Alan , Wen, Xin , Wheatley, Sally P. , Whitworth, Alexander J. , Willbold, Dieter , Williams, Roger L. , Winner, Beate , Witkin, Steven Sol , Wong, Esther S.P. , Wong, Jack Ho, Wu, Chengbiao , Wu, Jian Huang , Wu, Mian , Wu, Min , Wu, Shuyan , Wu, Xiaohong , Xiang, Jin, Xiang, Mingliang, Xiang, Wei, Xiao, Bin, Xu, Chuanshan , Xu, En, Xu, Haoxing , Xu, Jing , Xu, Wen , Yamaguchi, Osamu , Yan, Shian‐Jang , Yanagi, Yasuo , Yang, Huang‐Tian , Yang, Jin‐Ming , Yang, Pei‐Ming , Yang, Qian , Yang, Xuesong , Yang, Ying , Yao, Honghong , Yao, Shenggen , Yen, Paul M. , Ying, Meidan, Yoo, Young H., Yoshida, Kiyotsugu , Yoshii, Saori R. , Yousefi, Bahman , Yu, Jun Qing , Yu, Jun, Yu, Wai Haung , Yu, Zhou , Yuan, Shyng‐Shiou F. , Yun, Jeanho , Zarbalis, Konstantinos S. , Zhang, Bin , Zhang, Donna D. , Zhang, Hanlin , Zhang, Hong , Zhang, Hui , Zhang, Jianhua , Zhang, Lin , Zhang, Lisheng , Zhang, Wei , Zhang, Xiangnan, Zhang, Xu Dong , Zhang, Yang, Zhang, Yan‐Jin , Zhang, Yingmei , Zhang, Zhengguang , Zhang, Zhihai , Zhang, Zhiyong , Zhao, Xiao-Fan, Zhao, Ying, Zheng, Yi , Zhivotovsky, Boris , Zhou, Ao, Zhou, Hao , Zhou, Hong , Zhou, Jie , Zhou, Jing , Zhou, Jiyong , Zhou, Kailiang , Zhou, Shu‐Feng , Zhou, Zheng-Yu, Zhu, Hongxin, Zhu, Hua , Zhu, Wei‐Guo , Zientara‐Rytter, Katarzyna , Zimmermann, Christine M., Ziviani, Elena , Zwerschke, Werner , Brand‐Saberi, Beate , Li, Zuguo, Oshima, Shigeru , Rong, Yueguang , Devuyst, Olivier; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3744-4767 , Xia, Zhengyuan , Netea, M. G.
Autophagy | March 24, 2021 | Volume: 17 | Issue: 1 | Pages: 1-382
Bile Acid Profiles in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Their Ability to Predict Hepatic Decompensation
Mousa, Omar Y. , Juran, Brian D., McCauley, Bryan M. , Folseraas, Trine , Turgeon, Coleman , Ali, Ahmad H. , Schlicht, Erik M., Atkinson, Elizabeth J. , Hu, Chang , Harnois, Denise M. , Carey, Elizabeth J. , Gossard, Andrea A., Oglesbee, Devin , Eaton, John E. , Karlsen, Tom H. , Turgeon, Coleman T, Ali, Ahmad H , Harnois, Denise, Lazaridis, Konstantinos N , Oglesbee, Devin , Mousa, Omar , Vesterhus, Mette , Hu, Chang, LaRusso, Nicholas F. , Gores, Gregory J. , Lazaridis, Konstantinos N.
Hepatology | November 23, 2020 | Volume: 74 | Issue: 1 | Pages: 281-295
Background and Aims Altered bile acid (BA) homeostasis is an intrinsic facet of cholestatic liver diseases, but clinical usefulness of plasma BA assessment in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) remains understudied. We performed BA profiling in a large retrospective cohort of patients with PSC and matched healthy controls, hypothesizing that plasma BA profiles vary among patients and have clinical utility. Approach and Results Plasma BA profiling was performed in the Clinical Biochemical Genetics Laboratory at Mayo Clinic using a mass spectrometry based assay. Cox proportional hazard (univariate) and gradient boosting machines (multivariable) models were used to evaluate whether BA variables predict 5‐year risk of hepatic decompensation (HD; defined as ascites, variceal hemorrhage, or encephalopathy). There were 400 patients with PSC and 302 controls in the derivation cohort (Mayo Clinic) and 108 patients with PSC in the validation cohort (Norwegian PSC Research Center). Patients with PSC had increased BA levels, conjugated fraction, and primary‐to‐secondary BA ratios relative to controls. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) increased total plasma BA level while lowering cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid concentrations. Patients without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) had primary‐to‐secondary BA ratios between those of controls and patients with ulcerative colitis. HD risk was associated with increased concentration and conjugated fraction of many BA, whereas higher G:T conjugation ratios were protective. The machine‐learning model, PSC‐BA profile score (concordance statistic [C‐statistic], 0.95), predicted HD better than individual measures, including alkaline phosphatase, and performed well in validation (C‐statistic, 0.86). Conclusions Patients with PSC demonstrated alterations of plasma BA consistent with known mechanisms of cholestasis, UDCA treatment, and IBD. Notably, BA profiles predicted future HD, establishing the clinical potential of BA profiling, which may be suited for use in clinical trials.
Liver Stiffness Measured by Either Magnetic Resonance or Transient Elastography Is Associated With Liver Fibrosis and Is an Independent Predictor of Outcomes Among Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Maselli, Daniel B. , Idılman, Ilkay S. , Viehman, Jason K., Harmsen, William S. , Harnois, Denise M. , Carey, Elizabeth J. , Gossard, Andrea A., Lindor, Keith D. , Venkatesh, Sudhakar K. , Eaton, John E. , Venkatesh, Sudhakar K , Osman, Karim T. , Rowan, Daniel J. , LaRusso, Nicholas F.
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | September 25, 2020 | Volume: 55 | Issue: 5 | Pages: 449-457
Goals: We aimed to describe the diagnostic and prognostic performance of transient elastography (TE) and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Background: The diagnostic performance of TE and MRE in detecting advanced fibrosis in PBC and in predicting outcomes independent of existing serologic prognostic markers is incompletely understood. Materials and Methods: Five hundred thirty-eight consecutive patients with PBC at 3 centers with liver stiffness (LS) measurements by TE (n=286) or MRE (n=332) were reviewed. LS cutoffs for predicting fibrosis stages were determined by receiver operating characteristic curves among those with a liver biopsy (TE, n=63; MRE, n=98). Cox proportional hazard regression modeling was used to identify associations between covariates and hepatic decompensation. Results: The optimal LS thresholds for predicting histologic stage F4 were 14.40 kPa (area under the curve=0.94) for TE and 4.60 kPa (area under the curve=0.82) for MRE. Both TE and MRE outperformed biochemical markers for the prediction of histologic advanced fibrosis. Optimal LS thresholds to predict hepatic decompensation were 10.20 kPa on TE and 4.30 kPa on MRE. LS by TE and MRE (respectively) remained predictors of hepatic decompensation after adjusting for ursodeoxycholic acid responsiveness [hazard ratio (HR), 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05-1.24 and HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.28-2.19] and the GLOBE score (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.07-1.19 and HR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.57-2.78). Conclusion: LS measurement with either TE or MRE can accurately detect advanced fibrosis and offers additional prognostic value beyond existing serologic predictive tools.
Early Cholangiocarcinoma Detection With Magnetic Resonance Imaging Versus Ultrasound in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Eaton, John E. , Welle, Christopher L. , Bakhshi, Zeinab , Sheedy, Shannon P. , Idılman, Ilkay S. , Rosen, Charles B. , Taner, Timuçin , Harnois, Denise M. , Lindor, Keith D. , Gossard, Andrea A., Venkatesh, Sudhakar K. , Taner, Timucin , Lazaridis, Konstantinos N , Venkatesh, Sudhakar K , Gores, Gregory J. , Heimbach, Julie K. , LaRusso, Nicholas F. , Lazaridis, Konstantinos N.
Hepatology | September 25, 2020 | Volume: 73 | Issue: 5 | Pages: 1868-1881
Background and Aims Early detection of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) among patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is important to identify more people eligible for curative therapy. While many recommend CCA screening, there are divergent opinions and limited data regarding the use of ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for early CCA detection, and it is unknown whether there is benefit in testing asymptomatic individuals. Our aims were to assess the diagnostic performances and prognostic implications of ultrasound and MRI‐based CCA detection. Approach and Results This is a multicenter review of 266 adults with PSC (CCA, n = 120) who underwent both an ultrasound and MRI within 3 months. Images were re‐examined by radiologists who were blinded to the clinical information. Respectively, MRI had a higher area under the curve compared with ultrasound for CCA detection: 0.87 versus 0.70 for the entire cohort; 0.81 versus 0.59 for asymptomatic individuals; and 0.88 versus 0.71 for those listed for CCA transplant protocol. The absence of symptoms at CCA diagnosis was associated with improved 5‐year outcomes including overall survival (82% vs. 46%, log‐rank P < 0.01) and recurrence‐free survival following liver transplant (89% vs. 65%, log‐rank P = 0.04). Among those with asymptomatic CCA, MRI detection (compared with ultrasound) was associated with reduction in both mortality (hazard ratio, 0.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.01‐0.96) and CCA progression after transplant listing (hazard ratio, 0.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.01‐0.90). These benefits continued among patients who had annual monitoring and PSC for more than 1 year before CCA was diagnosed. Conclusions MRI is superior to ultrasound for the detection of early‐stage CCA in patients with PSC. Identification of CCA before the onset of symptoms with MRI is associated with improved outcomes.
Polarized human cholangiocytes release distinct populations of apical and basolateral small extracellular vesicles
Davies, Brian A., Morton, Leslie O., Jefferson, John R., Rozeveld, Cody N., Doskey, Luke C. , Katzmann, David J. , Morton, Leslie A., LaRusso, Nicholas F.
Molecular Biology of the Cell | August 26, 2020 | Volume: 31 | Issue: 22 | Pages: 2463-2474
Human cholangiocytes, epithelial cells that line the bile ducts, were cultured as a model with which to study polarized small extracellular vesicle (sEV) communication. These cells release distinct sEV pools to mediate communication via their apical and basolateral domains. Furthermore, defective ESCRT function may contribute to disease states through altered sEV signaling.
Pansomatostatin Agonist Pasireotide Long-Acting Release for Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney or Liver Disease with Severe Liver Involvement
Hogan, Marie C. , Chamberlin, Julie A., Vaughan, Lisa E. , Waits, Angela L., Banks, Carly J., Leistikow, Kathleen, Oftsie, Troy, Madsen, Chuck D, Edwards, Marie E., Glockner, James F., Kremers, Walter K. , Harris, Peter C. , Torres, Vicente E. , Banks, Carly, Madsen, Chuck, Edwards, Marie, Glockner, James, Torres, Vicente E , Masyuk, Tatyana V. , Harris, Peter C , Torres, Vicente E , Kremers, Walter K , Hogan, Marie C , Leistikow, Kathleen, LaRusso, Nicholas F.
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | August 25, 2020 | Volume: 15 | Issue: 9 | Pages: 1267-1278
Background and objectives We assessed safety and efficacy of another somatostatin receptor analog, pasireotide long-acting release, in severe polycystic liver disease and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Pasireotide long-acting release, with its broader binding profile and higher affinity to known somatostatin receptors, has potential for greater efficacy. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Individuals with severe polycystic liver disease were assigned in a 2:1 ratio in a 1-year, double-blind, randomized trial to receive pasireotide long-acting release or placebo. Primary outcome was change in total liver volume; secondary outcomes were change in total kidney volume, eGFR, and quality of life. Results Of 48 subjects randomized, 41 completed total liver volume measurements ( n =29 pasireotide long-acting release and n =12 placebo). From baseline, there were −99±189 ml/m absolute and −3%±7% change in annualized change in height-adjusted total liver volume (from 2582±1381 to 2479±1317 ml/m) in the pasireotide long-acting release group compared with 136±117 ml/m absolute and 6%±7% increase (from 2387±759 to 2533±770 ml/m) in placebo ( P <0.001 for both). Total kidney volumes decreased by −12±34 ml/m and −1%±4% in pasireotide long-acting release compared with 21±21 ml/m and 4%±5% increase in the placebo group ( P =0.05 for both). Changes in eGFR were similar between groups. Among the n =48 randomized, adverse events included hyperglycemia (26 of 33 [79%] in pasireotide long-acting release versus four of 15 [27%] in the placebo group; P <0.001), and among the 47 without diabetes at baseline, 19 of 32 (59%) in the pasireotide long-acting release group versus one of 15 (7%) in the placebo group developed diabetes ( P =0.001). Conclusions Another somatostatin analog, pasireotide long-acting release, slowed progressive increase in both total liver volume/total kidney volume growth rates without affecting GFR decline. Participants experienced higher frequency of adverse events (hyperglycemia and diabetes). Clinical Trial registry name and registration number Pasireotide LAR in Severe Polycystic Liver Disease, NCT01670110 Podcast This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2020_08_28_CJN13661119.mp3
Senescent cholangiocytes release extracellular vesicles that alter target cell phenotype via the epidermal growth factor receptor
Suraih, Mohammed S. Al, Trussoni, Christy E. , Splinter, Patrick L., LaRusso, Nicholas F. , O’Hara, Steven P. , Al Suraih, Mohammed S, LaRusso, Nicholas F
Liver International | June 18, 2020 | Volume: 40 | Issue: 10 | Pages: 2455-2468
AbstractBackground & AimsPrimary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic liver disease characterized by peribiliary inflammation and fibrosis. Cholangiocyte senescence is a prominent feature of PSC. Here, we hypothesize that extracellular vesicles (EVs) from senescent cholangiocytes influence the phenotype of target cells.MethodsEVs were isolated from normal human cholangiocytes (NHCs), cholangiocytes from PSC patients and NHCs experimentally induced to senescence. NHCs, malignant human cholangiocytes (MHCs) and monocytes were exposed to 108 EVs from each donor cell population and assessed for proliferation, MAPK activation and migration. Additionally, we isolated EVs from plasma of wild‐type and Mdr2−/− mice (a murine model of PSC), and assessed mouse monocyte activation.ResultsEVs exhibited the size and protein markers of exosomes. The number of EVs released from senescent human cholangiocytes was increased; similarly, the EVs in plasma from Mdr2−/− mice were increased. Additionally, EVs from senescent cholangiocytes were enriched in multiple growth factors, including EGF. NHCs exposed to EVs from senescent cholangiocytes showed increased NRAS and ERK1/2 activation. Moreover, EVs from senescent cholangiocytes promoted proliferation of NHCs and MHCs, findings that were blocked by erlotinib, an EGF receptor inhibitor. Furthermore, EVs from senescent cholangiocytes induced EGF‐dependent Interleukin 1‐beta and Tumour necrosis factor expression and migration of human monocytes; similarly, Mdr2−/− mouse plasma EVs induced activation of mouse monocytes.ConclusionsThe data continue to support the importance of cholangiocyte senescence in PSC pathogenesis, directly implicate EVs in cholangiocyte proliferation, malignant progression and immune cell activation and migration, and identify novel therapeutic approaches for PSC.
Proteostasis disturbances and endoplasmic reticulum stress contribute to polycystic liver disease: New therapeutic targets
Santos‐Laso, Álvaro , Izquierdo‐Sánchez, Laura , Rodrigues, Pedro M. , Huang, Bing , Azkargorta, Mikel , Lapitz, Ainhoa , Muñoz-Garrido, Patricia, Arbelaiz, Ander, Caballero‐Camino, Francisco J. , Jiménez-Agüero, Raúl , Argemí, Josepmaria , Aragón, Tomás , Marzioni, Marco , Drenth, Joost P.H. , Bujanda, Luís , Perugorria, María J. , Bañales, Jesús M. , Huang, Bing Q, Marzioni, Marco , Banales, Jesus M , Drenth, Joost P H , Fernández‐Barrena, Maite G. , Elortza, Félix , LaRusso, Nicholas F. , Bujanda, L.
Liver International | May 6, 2020 | Volume: 40 | Issue: 7 | Pages: 1670-1685
Abstract Background & Aims Polycystic liver diseases (PLDs) are genetic disorders characterized by progressive development of multiple biliary cysts. Recently, novel PLD‐causative genes, encoding for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐resident proteins involved in protein biogenesis and transport, were identified. We hypothesized that aberrant proteostasis contributes to PLD pathogenesis, representing a potential therapeutic target. Methods ER stress was analysed at transcriptional (qPCR), proteomic (mass spectrometry), morphological (transmission electron microscopy, TEM) and functional (proteasome activity) levels in different PLD models. The effect of ER stress inhibitors [4‐phenylbutyric acid (4‐PBA)] and/or activators [tunicamycin (TM)] was tested in polycystic (PCK) rats and cystic cholangiocytes in vitro. Results The expression levels of unfolded protein response (UPR) components were upregulated in liver tissue from PLD patients and PCK rats, as well as in primary cultures of human and rat cystic cholangiocytes, compared to normal controls. Cystic cholangiocytes showed altered proteomic profiles, mainly related to proteostasis (ie synthesis, folding, trafficking and degradation of proteins), marked enlargement of the ER lumen (by TEM) and hyperactivation of the proteasome. Notably, chronic treatment of PCK rats with 4‐PBA decreased liver weight, as well as both liver and cystic volumes, of animals under baseline conditions or after TM administration compared to controls. In vitro, 4‐PBA downregulated the expression (mRNA) of UPR effectors, normalized proteomic profiles related to protein synthesis, folding, trafficking and degradation and reduced the proteasome hyperactivity in cystic cholangiocytes, reducing their hyperproliferation and apoptosis. Conclusions Restoration of proteostasis in cystic cholangiocytes with 4‐PBA halts hepatic cystogenesis, emerging as a novel therapeutic strategy.