Dougherty, Jingjing M

AbstractIntroductionThis study evaluates the feasibility of utilizing a commercial‐grade 3D LiDAR/RGB camera, combined with 3D reconstruction software, to create an accurate and hyper‐realistic digital model of a proton therapy treatment room. This reconstructed model aims to enhance collision avoidance strategies and improve 3D machine model accessibility. Utilization of a 3D LiDAR/RGB camera as a radiotherapy environment modeling has not been reported prior.MethodsTo create a comprehensive 3D model of a half‐gantry proton therapy system, colored point cloud data was captured using the Matterport Pro 3 camera, a hybrid LiDAR and RGB imaging system with high‐resolution capabilities (134.2 MP), a 360° horizontal field of view, and 20 mm accuracy at 10 m. A total of 117 acquisition points, distributed across the treatment room with three camera heights, ensured complete coverage and minimal occlusions. Scanning, completed in under 3 hours, was monitored in real time using the Matterport App. Post‐scan processing involved denoising and converting the point cloud into 3D mesh structures using MeshLab, followed by refined pair‐wise iterative closest point (ICP) alignments. Textures and materials were assigned to reflect real‐world objects, and a ray‐tracing engine simulated realistic lighting in Blender. Animations illustrating the kinematics of the treatment couch and gantry were simulated in Blender for enhanced visualization.ResultsThe scanning process achieved complete data capture without missing information, attributed to strategic oversampling during data acquisition. The mean root mean square error (RMSE) of the ICP registration was 0.008 m. The validation process confirmed that the dimensions of the treatment couch within the digital model closely matched the actual measurements with less than 2 cm deviation, indicating high accuracy. The resulting digital twin provided a photorealistic and immersive representation of the proton therapy treatment room, serving as a valuable digital asset for various applications.ConclusionIt is possible to generate vendor‐independent and highly accurate 3D models of the proton treatment room environment with a commercial grade LiDAR/RGB camera to expand future research opportunities and education endeavors.

Abstract Introduction: To evaluate a proof-of-concept three-dimensional surface reconstruction technique using a hybrid LiDAR and RGB sensor system with an open-source, GPU-accelerated pipeline. The goal is to generate photorealistic digital twins of phantom surfaces for integration into radiotherapy collision avoidance workflows. Methods: A portable Intel RealSense sensor was used to acquire synchronized depth and color images. Sensor performance, including depth accuracy, fill rate, and planar root mean square error, was evaluated to determine optimal scan range. A reconstruction pipeline was implemented using the Open3D library with a voxel-based framework, signed distance function integration, ray casting, and color and depth-based simultaneous localization and mapping for pose tracking. Surface meshes were generated using the Marching Cubes algorithm. Validation involved scanning rectangular box phantoms and an anthropomorphic Rando phantom in a single circular motion. Reconstructed models were registered to CT-derived meshes using manual point picking and iterative closest point alignment. Accuracy was assessed using cloud-to-mesh distance metrics and compared to Poisson surface reconstruction. Results: Highest accuracy was observed within the 0.3 to 2.0 meter range. Volume differences for box models were within five millimeters. The Rando phantom showed a registration error of 1.8 millimeters and full overlap with the CT reference. Mean signed distance was minus 0.32 millimeters with a standard deviation of 3.85 millimeters. Conclusions: This technique enables accurate, realistic surface modeling using low-cost, open-source tools and supports future integration into radiotherapy digital twin systems.

Abstract The Mayo Clinic Florida Integrated Oncology Building will be the home of the first spot-scanning only carbon/proton hybrid therapy system by Hitachi, Ltd. It will provide proton beams up to kinetic energies of 230 MeV and carbon beams up to 430 MeV n −1 for clinical deployment. To provide adequate radiation protection, the Geant4 (v10.6) Monte Carlo toolkit was utilized to quantify the ambient dose equivalent at a 10 mm depth ( H *(10)) for photons and neutrons. To perform accurate calculations of the ambient dose equivalent, three-dimensional computer-aided design files of the entire planned facility were imported into Geant4, as well as certain particle system components such as the bending magnets, fast Faraday cup, and gantry. Particle fluence was scored using 60 cm diameter spheres, which were strategically placed throughout areas of interests. Analytical calculations were performed as first-pass design checks. Major shielding slabs were optimized using Geant4 simulations iteratively, with more than 20 alternative designs evaluated within Geant4. The 430 MeV n −1 carbon beams played the most significant role in concrete thickness Requirements. The primary wall thickness for the carbon fixed beam room is 4 meters. The presence of the proton gantry structure in the simulation caused the ambient dose equivalent to increase by around 67% at the maze entrance, but a decrease in the high energy beam transport corridor. All shielding primary and secondary goals for clinical operations were met per state regulation and national guidelines.

Abstract Objective. To investigate synchrotron-based proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) beam delivery time (BDT) using novel continuous scanning mode. Approach. A BDT calculation model was developed for the Hitachi particle therapy system. The model was validated against the measured BDT of 36 representative clinical proton PBS plans with discrete spot scanning (DSS) in the current Hitachi proton therapy system. BDTs were calculated with the next generation using Mayo Clinic Florida system operating parameters for conventional DSS, and novel dose driven continuous scanning (DDCS). BDTs of DDCS with and without Break Spots were investigated. Main results. For DDCS without Break Spots, the use of Stop Ratio to control the transit dose largely reduced the beam intensity and consequently, severely prolonged the BDT. DDCS with Break Spots was able to maintain a sufficiently high beam intensity while controlling transit dose. In DDCS with Break Spots, tradeoffs were made between beam intensity and number of Break Spots. Therefore, BDT decreased with increased beam intensity but reached a plateau for beam intensity larger than 10 MU s −1 . Averaging over all clinical plans, BDT was reduced by 10% for DDCS with Break Spots compared to DSS. Significance. DDCS with Break Spots reduced BDT. DDCS has the potential to further reduce BDT under the ideal scenario which requests both stable beam intensity extraction and accurately modelling the transit dose. Further investigation is warranted.