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A., Sabet, Cameron John, Sadarangani, Kabir P., Rafiei, Seyed Kiarash Sadat, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Erfan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Sadek, Bassem, Sadek, Mustafa, Sadr, Hossein, Saeb, Mohammad Reza, Saeed, Umar, Saeedi, Maryam , Safiullah, Muhammad , Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sajadi, S Mohammad, Saleh, Mohamed A., Salehi, Mahdi , Salimi, Sohrab, Samargandy, Saad, Samy, Abdallah M., Saravanan, Aswini , Sarfo, Jacob Owusu, Sarode, Gargi Sachin, Sarode, Sachin C., Sathian, Brijesh, Far, Mehrdad Savabi, Schlaich, Markus P., Schuermans, Art, Sejben, Anita, Semreen, Mohammad H., Senol, Yigit Can, Sessa, Francesco, Sewor, Christian , Seylani, Allen, Shahrahmani, Fatemeh, Shahwan, Moyad Jamal, Sham, Sunder, Shan, Dan, Sharifan, Amin , Sharma, Kamal, Sharma, Ravi Kumar, Sharma, Ujjawal , Shehzadi, Somia , Shetty, Mahabalesh, Shetty, Pavanchand H, Shi, Fanchao , Shi, Huizhong , Shi, Yongfeng, Shiri, Rahman , Shittu, Aminu, Shiue, Ivy, Shoaib, Ambreen, Shool, Sina, Shorofi, Seyed Afshin, Shuval, Kerem, Sia, Ching-Hui, Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues, Singh, Amit, Singh, Baljinder, Singh, Harmanjit, Singh, Harpreet, Singh, Lucky, Singh, Paramdeep, Singh, Siddharth , Singh, Sunil Kumar, Singh, Surjit, Singh, Vanshika , Sinha, Mukesh Kumar, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Sokhal, Balamrit Singh , Sood, Prashant , Soraneh, Soroush , Sorensen, Reed J D , Srivastav, Prateek , Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon , Starodubova, Antonina V., Stubbs, Peter, Suhag, Alisha, Sulaiman, Sahabi K., Odidi, Muritala Suleiman, Sulistiyorini, Desy , Sun, Jing , Sun, Zhong, Szarpak, Lukasz, Ty, Sree Sudha, Damavandi, Payam Tabaee, Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad, Tabatabai, Shima, Tagiisuran, Balamurugan, Ali, Eman Taha Osman, Soodejani, Moslem Taheri, Taiba, Jabeen, Tajabadi, Shima, Talic, Stella, Talukder, Ashis, Adugna, Dessalegn Tamiru, Tampa, Mircea, Tan, Jianye, Tanabayeva, Dariga, Tanashat, Mohammad , Tang, Jiahao , Tantisattamo, Ekamol, Tariq, Saba, Temsah, Reem, Teramoto, Masayuki, Tesfamariam, Wegen Beyene , Tewari, Jay , Thakar, Vidhi, Thangavelu, Lakshmi, Tharwat, Ismaeel, Thiruvengadam, Muthu , Thomas, Nikhil Kenny, Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera, Tiwari, Krishna, Tleshev, Madi, Tonelli, Marcello, Topór-Mądry, Roman , Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, An Thien, Tran, Thang Huu, Duc, Nguyen Tran Minh , Tricò, Domenico , Tse, Gary, Tseriotis, Vasilis-Spyridon, Tualeka, Abdul Rohim , Tye, Sok Cin , Ullah, Riaz, Umair, Muhammad, Umar, Lawan , Ozsahin, Dilber Uzun, Uzunçıbuk, Hande, Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj , Vakili, Omid , Eynde, Jef Van den, Varghese, Joe, Vellingiri, Balachandar, Verma, Poonam, Villalobos-Daniel, Victor E., Vlassov, Vasily, Wang, Nelson, Wang, Qingzhi, Wang, Wanzhou, Wang, Wei, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Zhihua, Wani, Tanveer A.A., Wei, Melissa Y., Weintraub, Robert G., Wibowo, Yohanes Cakrapradipta, Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Witts, William Kwame , Wonde, Tewodros Eshete , Wongsin, Utoomporn , Wu, Peng, Xiao, Guangqin, Xie, Wanqing , Xu, Suowen, Xu, Wanqing, Yadav, Vikas , Yahoo, Saba, Yang, Hanwen, Yano, Yuichiro , Yao, Haiqiang , Yarahmadi, Amir, Yin, Dehui , Yismaw, Yazachew Engida, Yon, Dong Keon, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Elaine A., Yu, Hairui , Yu, Yong , Yuan, Quan, Zafar, Mubashir , Zaghampour, Manijeh, Zamora, Nelson, Zanghì, Aurora , Zargar, Seema , Zeariya, Mohammed G M, Zeru, Eyael M, Zhang, Beijian, Zhang, Hanyu, Zhang, Julio Min Fei, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhichang, Zhanuzakov, Murat , Zhao, Zhongyi, Zheng, Ming‐Hua , Zhong, Anthony , Zhong, Claire Chenwen, Zhou, Hao, Zhou, Jiayan, Zhou, Xiao-Dong, Zhu, Zhengyang , Zhumagaliuly, Abzal, Zitoun, Osama A. , Zoghi, Ghazal , Zoromba, Mohamed Ali, Zumla, Alimuddin, Zyoud, Sa’ed H., Hay, Simon I., Mokdad, Ali H., Murray, Christopher J. L., Roth, Gregory A., Sun, Zhong , Hay, Simon I , Roever, Leonardo , Krishan, Kewal , Moni, Mohammad Ali , Buendía, Jefferson Antonio , Badar, Muhammad , Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana , Nassar, Mahmoud , Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman , Naik, Ganesh R. , Wang, Yanzhong , Rath, Shree , Karakasis, Paschalis , Zheng, Ming-Hua , Taiba, Jabeen , Razo, Christian , DeCleene, Nicole K., LeGrand, Kate E , Abaraogu, Ukachukwu Okoroafor , ElHafeez, Samar Abd , Abdelmasseh, Michael , Abdelnabi, Mahmoud , Abd‐Elsalam, Sherief , Elshenawy, Rasha Abdelsalam , Abdelwahab, Siddig İbrahim , Abdolizadeh, Ali , Abdollahi, Arash, Abdoun, Meriem , Abdrabou, Mostafa M. , Abdulah, Deldar Morad , Abdullahi, Auwal , Shenkut, Melese, Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola , Abiodun, Olumide A , Abohashem, Shady , Abtahi, Dariush , Farha, Rana Kamal Abu , Abubakar, Bilyaminu , Abuhelwa, Ahmad Y. , Abukhadijah, Hana J , Aburuz, Salahdein , Adamu, Nuhu Lawan , Adane, Mesafint Molla , Addo, Isaac Yeboah , Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola , Adekola, Saheed Ayodeji, Adesina, Miracle Ayomikun , Adisu, Molalign Aligaz , Adnan, Mohd , Afoakwah, Clifford , Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika, Afrifa‐Yamoah, Ebenezer , Afzal, Saira , Agordoh, Percival Delali , Ahmad, Aqeel , Ahmad, Khabir , Ahmad, Sajjad , Ahmed, Gasha Salih, Ahmed, Nesredin , Ajami, Marjan , Akhtar, Muhammad Nadeem , Akindele, Mukadas Oyeniran , Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed , Akyea, Ralph Kwame , Zoubi, Mohammad Ahmmad Mahmoud Al, Alalwan, Tariq A. , Al‐Aly, Ziyad , Al-Amri, Issa Sulaiman , Alanzi, Turki Matar Khalaf, Al-Ashwal, Fahmi Y. , Al‐Azayzih, Ahmad , Al-Azzam, Sayer , Al-Bashaireh, Ahmad M. , ALBashtawy, Mohammed , Aleidi, Shereen M. , Algahtani, Fahad D. , AlHabib, Khalid F. , Ali, Abid , Ali, Asgar , Ali, Bassam R. , Al‐Iede, Montaha , Alif, Sheikh Mohammad , Alipour, Morteza, Al‐Jabi, Samah W. , Aljunid, Syed Mohamed , Alkubati, Sameer Abdulmalik , Almagharbeh, Wesam Taher , Almahmeed, Wael , Almazan, Joseph Uy , Alniss, Hasan Yaser , Alomari, Mahmoud A. , Alotaibi, Haifa F. , Alqahtani, Saleh A. , Alqudimat, Mohammad R. , Al-Qudimat, Ahmad Rajeh , Al‐Raddadi, Rajaa , Alsbou, Mohammed , Alshahrani, Najim Zafer , Al-Shami, Ali Salman , Altaf, Awais , Althobiani, Malik A , Alwafi, Hassan , Al‐Worafi, Yaser Mohammed , Aly, Hany Z. , Al‐Zalabani, Abdulmohsen H. , Alzoubi, Abdallah , Alzoubi, Karem Hasan , Amafah, Joy, Amin, Amr , Amini, Saeed, Amini‐Salehi, Ehsan , Amusa, Ganiyu , Ang, Song Peng , Anieto, Ebuka Miracle , Anil, Abhishek , Anjana, Dr. Prapti, Anvari, Saeid, Appati, Walter , Arabloo, Jalal , Arafat, Mosab , Areda, Demelash, Arefnezhad, Reza , Torre, Jorge Arias de la, Aripov, Timur , Arockiaraj, Jesu , Asdaq, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin , Ashraf, Syed Amir , Ashraf, Tahira , Ataç, Ömer , Athar, Mohammad , Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin , Aurangzeb, Khursheed , Awan, Sana Javaid , Awol, Kemal Lemnuro, Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu , Aylı, Berrak Itır , Azarboo, Alireza , Aziz, Sadat Abdulla , Azzolino, Domenico , Babu, Abraham Samuel , Babu, Giridhara R. , Badiye, Ashish , Baghlaf, Khlood K , Baig, Atif Amin , Bakhshali, Mohamad Amin , Banach, Maciej , Banik, Palash Chandra , Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat , Barrow, Amadou , Barua, Lingkan , Bashir, Shahid , Bashiri, Azadeh , Bastan, Mohammad‐Mahdi , Bayih, Mulat Tirfie , Beeraka, Narasimha Murthy , Begum, Tahmina , Behera, Priyamadhaba , Behnam, Babak , Ramírez, Diana Fernanda Bejarano , Belo, Luı́s , Berihun, Abiye Assefa , Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini , Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur , Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh , Biswas, Atanu , Biswas, Bijit , Bizzozero‐Peroni, Bruno , Bodur, Mahmut , Bogale, Sitotaw Kerie , Bohn, Lucimére , Boloor, Archith , Carvajal, Alejandro Botero , Boudalia, Sofiane , Bugiardini, Raffaele , Busch, Felix , Bustanji, Yasser, Campos, Luciana Aparecida , Catapano, Alberico Luigi , Cegolon, Luca , Cenko, Edina , Cerin, Ester , Chakraborty, Chiranjib , Chandika, Rama Mohan , Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K , Chandrasekaran, Baskaran , Chattu, Vijay Kumar , Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad , Chaudhuri, Sirshendu , Cheema, Asad Ali Ahmed , Chichagi, Fatemeh , Ching, Patrick R , Cho, William C.S., Choi, Dong‐Woo , Chong, Bryan , Chopra, Deepti , Chopra, Hitesh , Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan , Chu, Dinh‐Toi , Chukwu, Chidozie Williams , Chung, Sheng‐Chia , Chung, S. Y. , Cicero, Arrigo F.G. , Cosma, Claudia , Criqui, Michael H. , Dadras, Omid , Dai, Xiaochen , Dai, Zhaoli , Dalakoti, Mayank , D’Amico, Emanuele , Tesfa, Endalamaw , Danpanichkul, Pojsakorn , Darcho, Samuel Demissie , Davletov, Dimash , Davletov, Kairat , Dejenie, Tadesse Asmamaw , Bo’, Cristian Del , Delgado‐Enciso, Iván , Denova‐Gutiérrez, Edgar , Dergaa, Ismail , Dervišević, Emina , Devegowda, Devananda , Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman , Dhimal, Meghnath , Dhungel, Bibha , Do, Thanh Chi, Phuong, Thao Huynh, Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai , Doshi, Rajkumar , Dourado, Paulo Magno Martins , Dowou, Robert Kokou , Du, Mi , Duncan, Bruce Bartholow , Durães, André Rodrigues , Ebohon, Osamudiamen , Eftekhari, Behrad , Eladl, Mohamed Ahmed , Eldaboush, Ahmed , Elgendy, Islam Y. , Elhadi, Muhammed , El‐Huneidi, Waseem , Elmonem, Mohamed A. , Elmoselhi, Adel B. , Fabin, Natalia , Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun , Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis , Fakorede, Sodiq , Fatima, Zareen , Fayaz, Mohammad , Fazylov, Timur, Fernández‐Jiménez, Rodrigo , Fischer, Florian, Fogacci, Federica , Foschi, Matteo , Gadanya, Muktar A., Gajdács, Márió , Galali, Yaseen , Ganesan, Balasankar , Gangachannaiah, Shivaprakash , Gašević, Danijela , Habtemichael, Mizan , Getacher, Lemma , Jolfayi, Amir Ghaffari , Ghamkhar, Arin, Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed , Ghimire, Sailaja, Ghith, Nermin , Gil, Artyom , Gill, Paramjit Singh , Gnedovskaya, Elena V. , Goh, Lay Hoon , Gohari, Kimiya, Golechha, Mahaveer , Goulart, Alessandra C. , Goyal, Aman , Grada, Ayman , Gu, Long , Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen , Guha, Avirup , Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga , Gupta, Rajeev , Gurgoglione, Filippo Luca , Guzmán-Esquivel, José , Guzmán-Muñoz, Eduardo , Haghtalab, Arian , Halder, Pritam , Hamdy, Nadia Μ. , Hammad, Eman A. , Hanif, Asif , Hanifi, Nasrin , Hankey, Graeme J. , Harsini, Sara , Hartmann, Phillipp , Hasan, Ikramul , Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem , Hassan, Amr , Hassan, Ibrahim Nagmeldin , Hayat, Khezar , Hezam, Kamal , Hiraike, Yuta , Holla, Ramesh , Hostiuc, Sorin , Htay, Mila Nu Nu , Huang, Junjie, Hushmandi, Kiavash , Hwang, Bing‐Fang , Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel , Ibrahim, Khalid S. , Ibrayeva, Anel , Ikram, Jibran, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen , Ilić, Irena , Ilić, Milena , Imodoye, Sikiru O. , Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja , Ionescu, Radu Tudor, Iqhrammullah, Muhammad , Irham, Lalu Muhammad , Ishaqui, Azfar Athar , Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah , Ismoldayev, Yerlan, Isola, Gaetano , Izquierdo‐Condoy, Juan S. , Jacob, Jaison , Jahanshahi, Ali , Jamal, Armaan , Jamali, Navid , James, Jerin , Jamshidi, Masoud , Jawaid, Talha, Jayasinghe, Yovanthi Anurangi , Jemal, Mohammed , Jeong, Seogsong , Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh , Jibat, Nathan Tolemariam , Jokar, Mohammad , Joó, Tamás , Joseph, Akaninyene Paul , Joseph, Mickaël Antoine , Joseph, Nitin , Joshi, Krupal , Jürisson, Mikk , K, Vaishali , Kakkar, Ashish Kumar , Kalani, Rizwan , Kalavani, Khalil , Kalra, Sanjay , Kamorudeen, Ramat T. , Kamyshnyi, Oleksandr , Kanaan, Saddam Fuad , Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem , Kantar, Rami S. , Kapoor, Neeti , Karajizadeh, Mehrdad , Karakasis, Paschalis , Karasneh, Reema A. , Kashoo, Faizan , Kashyap, Manoj Kumar , Kausar, Mohd Adnan , Kazemian, Sina , Kebede, Yabets Tesfaye , Kesse‐Guyot, Emmanuelle , Khademi, Reza , Khader, Yousef , Khajuria, Himanshu , Khaleel, Anas , Khalid, Sidra , Khalili, Anita , Khalili, Pantea , Khan, Maseer , Khan, Mohammad Idreesh , Khasbage, Sameer Uttamaro , Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad , Khosla, Pavan , Khosravi, Sepehr , Kimokoti, Ruth W , Kısa, Adnan , Kishore, Ladli , Kivimäki, Mika , Kokkorakis, Michail , Kolahi, Ali‐Asghar , Kompani, Farzad , Kondybayeva, Аida , Korzh, Oleksii , Kostev, Karel , Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane , Kua, Chong-Han , Kuddus, Mohammed , Kumar, Chandan , Kumar, G Anil , Kumar, Jogender , Kumar, Laksh , Kundu, Amartya , Kundu, Satyajit , Kunutsor, Setor K. , Kurniasari, Maria Dyah , Kytö, Ville , Lahariya, Chandrakant , Lakanova, Balzhan, Lantos, Tamás , Larebo, Yilma Markos , Lasrado, Savita , Lee�, HwaMin , Lee, Wei‐Chen , Leivaditis, Vasileios , Lenjisa, Jimma Likisa , Li, Ming‐Chieh , Li, Qiang , Li, Shaojie , Lim, Lee-Ling , Lodhi, Madeeha Shahzad , Lokunarangoda, Niroshan Chandrajith , López-Gil, José Francisco , Lorkowski, Stefan , Lucchetti, Giancarlo , Lui, Pauline Po Yee , Lv, Lei , Lytvyak, Ellina , Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim M. , Maffia, Pasquale , Magaña‐Gómez, Javier A. , Mahalleh, Mehrdad , Malik, Ahmad Azam , Malik, Tabarak , Malta, Déborah Carvalho , Mamand, Doste R. , Maniya, Muhammad Talha , Mannethodi, Kamaruddeen , Mansoor, Farheen, Mansourian, Marjan , Maqsood, Kaleem , Marateb, Hamid Reza , Marghani, Basma H. , Marino, Mirko , Martínez, Ramón , Martini, Daniela , Martini, Santi , Martorell, Miquel , März, Winfried , Marzouk, Sammer , Masi, Stefano , Mathur, Neeta , Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido , Mattiello, Rita , Mavrovounis, Georgios , McPhail, Steven , Mehto, Subhash , Meles, Hadush Negash , Menezes, Godfred Antony , Menon, Tara Pattilachan, Mensah, George A. , Merlino, Giovanni , Meštrović, Tomislav , Mettananda, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege , Mettananda, Sachith , Metwally, Mohamed M M, Mikrajab, Muhammad Agus, Minhas, Abdul Mannan Khan , Mittal, Madhukar , Mohamed, Nouh Saad , Ahmed, Khabab Abbasher Hussien Mohamed , Mohammad, Taj , Mohammadi, Abbas , Mohammadi, Mokhtar , Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah , Mohsen, Yazan , Shibabaw, Tewodros , Molokhia, Mariam , Monazzami, Amirabbas , Ghalibaf, AmirAli Moodi , Morovvati, Mahdis, Motappa, Rohith , Mozafar, Mehrdad , Mubarik, Sumaira , Muhammad, Jibran Sualeh , Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham, Munshi, Anjana , Musa, Sani , Muthu, Sathish , Mwita, Julius Chacha , Myung, Woojae , Nainu, Firzan , Nargus, Shumaila , Nasrollahizadeh, Amir , Nassar, Mahmoud, Nauman, Javaid , Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari , Nawaiseh, Hala K. , Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Nega, Mulata Haile , Negash, Abigia Ashenafi , Negoi, Ionuţ , Abadi, Reza Nejad Shahrokh , Nematollahi, Mohammad Hadi , Nieddu, Luciano , Nketia, Richmond , Noubiap, Jean Jacques , Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi , Ntsekhe, Mpiko , Nugen, Fred , Oancea, Bogdan , Odat, Ramez M. , Oddi, Fabio Massimo , Oh, In‐Hwan , Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul , Okonji, Osaretin Christabel , Olorukooba, Abdulhakeem Abayomi , Ong, Qi Chwen , Ordak, Michał , Orscelik, Atakan , Ortiz‐Prado, Esteban , Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi , Oumer, Abdu , Ouyahia, Amel , Özşahin, İlker , Padrón‐Monedero, Alicia , Padubidri, Jagadish Rao , Panos, Georgios D. , Papa, Mario Virgilio , Pardhan, Shahina , Passera, Roberto , Patel, Kunal Nitinkumar , Patel, Neel Navinkumar , Patel, Satyananda, Patil, Shankargouda, Patoulias, Dimitrios , Pattnaik, Snigdha, Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki, Pekarčíková, Jarmila , Peprah, Prince , Pereira, Gavin, Perico, Norberto , Perna, Simone , Petermann‐Rocha, Fanny , Pirnejad, Habibollah , Plotnikov, Evgenii, Poddighe, Dimitri , Poluru, Ramesh , Porntaveetus, Thantrira , Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh , Prasad, Manya , Prashant, Akila , Pugliese, Nicola Riccardo , Puvvula, Jagadeesh , Qiu, Jia-Yong , Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Rahamon, Sheu Kadiri , Rahim, Hawbash Mohammed-Amin , Rahimi, Sajjad , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Raj, Jeffrey Pradeep , Raja, Adarsh , Rajendran, Judah , Rajput, Prashant , Ramadan, Mahmoud M. , Ramasamy, Chitra, Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran, Rashedi, Vahid , Rasouli‐Saravani, Ashkan , Rath, Shree , Rathi, Isha , Rathish, Devarajan , Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar , Rawassizadeh, Reza , Ray, Asit , Redwan, Elrashdy M , Rehman, Najeeb Ur , Remuzzi, Giuseppe , Rezaei, Nazila , Romadlon, Debby Syahru , Romoli, Michele , Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan , Ross, Allen Guy , Roy, Sharmistha , Roy, Shubhanjali , Russo, Michele , Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed , Sabet, Cameron John , Sadarangani, Kabir P. , Rafiei, Seyed Kiarash Sadat , Saddique, Muhammad Nabeel , Sadee, Bashdar Abuzed , Sadeghi, Masoumeh , Sadek, Bassem Shaban , Sadr, Hossein, Saeb, Mohammad Reza , Saeed, Mοhd , Saeedi, Maryam , Saghazadeh, Amene , Sagoe, Dominic , Sah, Ashok Kumar , Sharif‐Askari, Fatemeh Saheb , Sahebkar, Amirhossein , Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Sajid, Mirza Rizwan , Saki, Morteza , Sakshaug, Joseph W. , Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa , Saleem, Rahman Shah Zaib , Salihu, Abubakar Tijjani , Salimi, Sohrab , Samargandy, Saad J. , Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo , Samy, Abdallah M., Sarfo, Jacob Owusu , Sarmadi, Mohammad , Sarode, Gargi Sachin , Sassano, Michele , Sathian, Brijesh , Narayanan, Mukesh Kumar Sathya , Schlaich, Markus P. , Schuermans, Art , Schwarz, Ghil , Sejben, Anita , Selvaraj, Siddharthan , Semreen, Mohammad H. , Şenol, Yiğit Can , Şerban, Dragoş , Sethi, Yashendra , Setiawan, Christianus Heru , Shahid, Samiah , Shahini, Endrit , Shahrahmani, Fatemeh, Shahwan, Moyad Jamal , Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib , Shamsi, Anas , Shan, Dan, Shanawaz, Mohd , Shannawaz, Mohammed , Sharif, Nadim , Sharma, Bhoopesh Kumar , Sharma, Bunty, Sharma, Manoj , Sharma, Vishal , Shastry, Shamee , Sheidaei, Ali , Shenoy, Rekha R. , Shimels, Tariku , Shittu, Aminu , Shoaib, Ambreen , Shool, Sina , Shrestha, Sunil , Shuval, Kerem , Sia, Ching‐Hui , Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar , Siddiqi, Ahmed Kamal , Siddiqua, Ayesha , Silva, Diego Augusto Santos , Simkhada, Padam Prasad , Singh, Amit Kumar, Singh, Baljinder, Singh, Harpreet, Singh, Jasvinder A. , Singh, Lucky, Singh, Poornima Suryanath , Singh, Puneetpal , Sinha, Mukesh Kumar , Sinha, Ratnesh , Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich , Sorrentino, Michele , Spartalis, Michael , Stachteas, Panagiotis , Владимировна, Стародубова Антонина, Straube, Sebastian , Stubbs, Peter W. , Su, Chen‐Yang , Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan , Suhag, Alisha , Sulaieva, Oksana , Sun, Jing , Swain, Chandan Kumar , Szarpak, Łukasz , Y, Sree Sudha T, Damavandi, Payam Tabaee , Tabarés‐Seisdedos, Rafael , Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed‐Amir , Tabche, Celine , Tadele, Afework , Ali, Eman T. , Soodejani, Moslem Taheri , Tajabadi, Shima, Talic, Stella , Talukder, Ashis , Zadeh, Seyed Saeed Tamehri , Tampa, Mircea Ştefan , Tantisattamo, Ekamol , Tariku, Mengistie Kassahun , Tavangar, Seyed Mohammad , Tedla, Mebrahtu G. , Teramoto, Masayuki , Tesfu, Azimeraw Arega , Tharwat, Ismaeel, Tharwat, Samar , Thienemann, Friedrich , Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer , Tleshev, Madi, Tomo, Sojit , Tonelli, Marcello , Touvier, Mathilde , Tran, An Thien, Tran, Thang Huu, Tristan, Christopher Daniel , Tse, Gary , Tseriotis, Vasilis‐Spyridon , Udoakang, Aniefiok John , Ullah, Atta , Ullah, Saeed , Umair, Muhammad, Upadhya, Dinesh , Upadhyay, Era , Usman, Jibrin Sammani , Ozsahin, Dilber Uzun , Uzunçıbuk, Hande , Varghese, Joe , Vasankari, Tommi Juhani , Vellingiri, Balachandar , Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy , Verma, Akshaya Kumar , Villalobos-Daniel, Victor Eduardo , Wan, Jin‐Yi , Wang, Cong , Wang, Nelson , Wang, Shaopan , Wang, Shu , Wang, Youxin , Wani, Tanveer A. , Waqar, Ahmed Bilal , Weintraub, Robert G, Wibowo, Yohanes Cakrapradipta, Wicaksana, Anggi Lukman , Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth , Wilandika, Angga , Xu, Site , Xu, Suowen , Xu, Xiaoyue , Yadegar, Amirhossein , Yahoo, Saba, Yamagishi, Kazumasa , Yaribeygi, Habib , Yesuf, Subah Abderehim , Yon, Dong Keon , Yonemoto, Naohiro , Yuan, Quan, Yuzbashian, Emad , Zamagni, Giulia , Zawiah, Mohammed , Zeariya, Mohammed G M, Zeru, Eyael M, Zhang, Casper J. P. , Zhong, Claire Chenwen , Zhou, Xiao-Dong, Zhumagaliuly, Abzal , Zoromba, Mohamed Ali , Zumla, Alimuddin I. , Zyoud, Ahed H. , Zyoud, Shaher H. , Mokdad, Ali H. , Murray, Christopher J. L., Roth, Gregory A.
JAMA | July 29, 2026 | Volume: No volume available | Issue: No issue available | Pages: No page available
Importance Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of premature death worldwide. Assessing the LDL-C–related burden is critical for guiding prevention and treatment strategies. Objectives To estimate the global, regional, and national burden of ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke attributable to elevated LDL-C (relative to 35-54 mg/dL) from 1990 to 2023 and to quantify the contributions of population growth, aging, risk-deleted burden, and exposure changes to burden trends. Design, Setting, and Population This comparative risk assessment, part of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023, estimated population-level LDL-C exposure and associated health loss in 204 countries and territories. Mean LDL-C levels were estimated using spatiotemporal gaussian process regression based on 806 studies across 161 countries. Relative risks were derived from meta-analyses of 38 randomized clinical trials. Population-attributable fractions for deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated by age and sex for adults aged 25 years or older from 1990 to 2023, with 95% uncertainty intervals. Exposure Population-level LDL-C concentrations. Main Outcomes and Measures Population-attributable fractions, counts, and rates (all ages and age standardized per 100 000) of LDL-C–attributable deaths and DALYs from ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke, with uncertainty intervals. Results In 2023, elevated LDL-C accounted for 3.6 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval, 2.2-5.4 million; 6.0% of global mortality) and 90.7 million DALYs (95% uncertainty interval, 58.9-123.3 million; 3.2% of DALYs). Although global all-ages rates remained stable, age-standardized death and DALY rates decreased by 45.6% and 39.5%, respectively, since 1990. In 2023, age-standardized LDL-C–attributable DALY rates were highest in Eastern Europe and lowest in high-income Asia-Pacific. One-third of the global LDL-C burden occurred in India and China. Population growth and aging drove the increasing burden, with notable regional disparities in LDL-C exposure and risk-deleted DALY rates shifting toward middle-sociodemographic settings. Conclusions and Relevance Despite declining age-standardized rates, the absolute LDL-C burden has increased since 1990 due to demographic changes and has shifted toward middle-sociodemographic countries. Measurement and surveillance gaps persist. Strengthened prevention, diagnosis, and treatment access strategies are essential to mitigate the health burden of LDL-C.
Type A Aortic Dissection: From Diagnosis to Cardiac Rehabilitation
Loguercio, Monica, Romeo, Maria Grazia , AKINCI, BUKET , Adam, Cristina Andreea , Ullah, Irfan , Supervía, Marta , Trimarchi, Giancarlo , Świątoniowska-Lonc, Natalia , Fogacci, Federica , Perone, Francesco , Akıncı, Buket , Ullah, Irfan , Perone, Francesco
Journal of Clinical Medicine | April 6, 2026 | Volume: 15 | Issue: 7 | Pages: 2749
Acute type A aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition requiring emergency surgery and complex postoperative management. Although survival rates have improved, many patients experience long-term functional impairments, reduced quality of life, and an elevated risk of complications. Despite strong evidence supporting cardiac rehabilitation in other cardiovascular populations, structured programs remain underutilized in patients with surgically resolved acute type A aortic dissection. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation appears feasible and can be delivered safely in carefully selected patients when appropriately adapted to individual needs and conducted under close supervision. Postoperative patients are often physically deconditioned, prone to hospital-acquired disability, and may misjudge exercise intensity. Therefore, individualized exercise prescription, guided by exercise testing when available, is important to support safe training thresholds. Early and gradual introduction of physical activity may help prevent complications associated with immobility, support blood pressure control, and contribute to improvements in functional capacity. However, training volume should be purposefully lower than in conventional program settings to reduce hemodynamic stress. Education on safe exercise parameters and self-monitoring plays a central role in enabling long-term adherence and promoting patient autonomy. Cardiac rehabilitation programs should incorporate dietary, nutritional, and psychological support. Although evidence specific to this patient population remains limited, available data suggest the feasibility and potential benefits of cardiac rehabilitation when delivered with appropriate precautions. Our review underscores the need for a tailored, multidisciplinary CR approach aimed at enhancing physical recovery, supporting cardiovascular stability, and improving overall quality of life in patients following surgery. Further research is required to define optimal program protocols.