VanDolah, Hunter

Abstract Aims Nutritional counselling is a core component of cardiac rehabilitation (CR), yet the evidence base for specific dietary interventions within CR remains fragmented. This scoping review aimed to map the range of nutritional interventions evaluated in adult CR programmes, characterize their reported outcomes, and identify key gaps in current evidence and practice. Methods and results Following the Arksey and O’Malley framework and reporting according to PRISMA-ScR, a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was conducted from inception to June 2026. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, and observational studies evaluating an explicitly described nutritional intervention within a structured CR programme in adults with established cardiovascular disease. Of 2765 identified records, 35 studies met eligibility criteria. Interventions spanned Mediterranean and heart-healthy dietary patterns, calorie-restriction and weight-loss programmes, comprehensive lifestyle interventions, structured nutrition education and counselling, supplementation, functional foods, and individualized diet prescriptions. Across categories, improvements in body weight, central adiposity, and adherence to cardioprotective dietary recommendations were commonly reported, particularly when nutrition was delivered with repeated contact and individualized support. Effects on lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, blood pressure, functional capacity, and clinical outcomes were more variable. Conclusion Nutritional interventions within CR were most consistently associated with improvements in intermediate behavioural, anthropometric, and cardiometabolic outcomes, particularly when structured and reinforced over time. However, heterogeneity in study design, intervention delivery, comparator groups, outcome reporting, and follow-up duration precludes definitive conclusions about comparative efficacy, optimal intervention format, or the magnitude of benefit. Greater standardization, longer follow-up, and further evaluation of personalized nutritional strategies are needed to strengthen the nutritional component of CR.

Abstract Rationale Legionella species can cause severe community-acquired pneumonia requiring targeted antimicrobial therapy. The impact of time to effective Legionella-directed therapy on mortality is not well defined. Objectives To evaluate the association between time to effective Legionella-directed therapy and mortality in hospitalized patients with community-acquired Legionella pneumonia and to determine whether differences in treatment timing contribute to the excess mortality observed among immunocompromised patients. Methods A retrospective multicenter cohort study of adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed community-acquired Legionella pneumonia (2019–2025) was performed. Time from presentation to effective therapy (macrolide, fluoroquinolone, or doxycycline) was recorded. The primary outcome was 90-day mortality. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for age, SOFA-2 score (first 6 hours), and immunocompromised status. Secondary analyses included a 24-hour landmark Cox model for 90-day survival and multivariable logistic regression for 30-day mortality. Results Among 310 patients (median age 66.9 years, 44.8% immunocompromised), 90-day mortality was 17.4%. Every 6-hour delay in effective therapy was independently associated with increased 90-day mortality (adjusted OR per 6 hours: 1.11; 95% CI, 1.06–1.17; P < 0.001). Delays >24 hours were associated with worse 90-day survival (adjusted HR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.65–4.77; P < 0.001). Time to effective therapy was also independently associated with increased odds of 30 day mortality (adjusted OR per 6 hours: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01-1.11, p = 0.024). Immunocompromised patients experienced longer delays (median, 7.1 versus 3.3 hours; P < 0.001) and higher unadjusted 90-day mortality (22.3% versus 13.5%; P = 0.041), but immunocompromised status was not independently associated with mortality after adjusting for severity and treatment timing. Conclusion Longer time to effective Legionella-directed therapy was independently associated with increased mortality in a graded fashion. Delays were more common among immunocompromised patients, partially accounting for excess mortality in this group, suggesting that timely pathogen-directed therapy may represent a clinically important and potentially modifiable contributor to risk.

Background The prevalence and clinical correlates of extra-aortic vascular disease in Marfan syndrome remain incompletely defined, and current surveillance strategies primarily target the thoracic aorta. Methods We conducted a multicentre retrospective cohort study of 783 patients with Marfan syndrome across three tertiary centres, with systematic chart and imaging adjudication to define aneurysm and dissection distribution. Results Extra-aortic aneurysms were identified in 32% of patients, most commonly involving the iliac, carotid and subclavian arteries. Extra-aortic dissections occurred in 5.2%. Extra-aortic aneurysms clustered strongly with markers of advanced aortic disease, including abdominal aortic aneurysm (adjusted OR 3.48), prior aortic dissection (OR 3.39) and extra-aortic dissection (OR 4.44), as well as age >40 years and male sex. Genetic confirmation status was not associated with extra-aortic aneurysm presence. Conclusions Extra-aortic vascular involvement is common in Marfan syndrome and closely linked to advanced aortic pathology. These findings support risk-stratified vascular imaging beyond the thoracic aorta in higher-risk patients.

Abstract Background Legionella pneumonia is an important cause of severe pneumonia, yet contemporary data describing its clinical phenotype, diagnostic patterns, and outcomes in the modern era are limited. Methods We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study of adults with laboratory-confirmed Legionella pneumonia across an integrated health system between January 2019 and September 2025. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Severe disease was defined as having a requirement for high-flow nasal cannula, noninvasive ventilation, mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify predictors of mortality and severe disease. Results There were 344 patients with laboratory-confirmed Legionella pneumonia during the study period. The median age was 66.6 years, and 45.1% were immunocompromised. Most patients required hospital admission (94.2%), with 36.1% admitted to the intensive care unit; 22.7% required mechanical ventilation and 1.5% ECMO. Thirty- and 90-day mortality were 11.9% and 16.6%, respectively. In multivariable analysis, cirrhosis (OR 10.2, 95% CI 2.15–48.3, P = .003), immunocompromised status (odds ratio [OR] 2.24, 95% CI 1.05–4.77, P = .036), age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00–1.06, P = .031), and lymphopenia at presentation (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.02–4.24, P = .043) were independently associated with increased 30-day mortality. Among patients who were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or culture positive, urinary antigen testing was positive in only 25.6%. Conclusions Legionella pneumonia was associated with substantial short-term mortality. Cirrhosis, age, immunocompromised status, and lymphopenia at presentation emerged as independent predictors of 30-day mortality, underscoring the importance of host vulnerability in determining outcomes.

Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) encompasses a clinically heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Genetic studies over the past two decades have significantly expanded our understanding of the molecular landscape underlying heritable TAAD, revealing contributions from multiple interconnected biological pathways. This review systematically summarizes more than 75 genes implicated in TAAD pathogenesis, categorizing them according to major mechanistic roles including TGF-β signaling, extracellular matrix remodeling, smooth muscle cell contractility and cytoskeletal regulation, cell–matrix and cell–cell adhesion, metabolic processes, ion transport, and transcriptional regulation. Special emphasis is placed on emerging genes with variable or overlapping clinical phenotypes, dual-mechanism candidates, and their implications for personalized clinical management, including surveillance and surgical intervention thresholds. The integration of molecular insights into clinical practice, along with cautious consideration of genes of uncertain significance, promises to enhance diagnostic precision and risk stratification in individuals and families affected by heritable aortic disease.