Dumont, Aaron S.

ABSTRACT Anatomy education is a cornerstone of medical training and relies on cadaveric dissection and 2D illustrations. Technological advancements and integrated curricula have reduced the focus on detailed anatomy and challenged educators to engage Generation Z learners with interactive, tech‐driven methods. Advanced imaging and artificial intelligence (AI) offer a solution, providing virtual dissection simulations and personalized learning tools that mimic 3D anatomy and adapt to individual student needs. Machine learning, a subset of AI, enhances this process by enabling predictive analytics, adaptive feedback, and tailored learning pathways based on performance data, significantly improving anatomical comprehension. Despite its benefits, AI integration raises concerns about over‐reliance on technology, biases, and diminished human interaction in training. This review examines AI's transformative potential in anatomy education while emphasizing the need for balanced implementation and ethical oversight. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted, utilizing PubMed and backward citation searches. The search yielded 56 studies, with 47 additional articles from citations, resulting in 61 included studies. These explored AI applications such as virtual dissection simulations, machine learning algorithms for adaptive feedback, and gamified learning experiences, which were shown to enhance engagement, personalize learning, and improve anatomical understanding. Concerns about over‐reliance on AI and the loss of human interaction were also raised. AI has the potential to enhance anatomy education, but careful consideration of ethical and practical implications is essential. A balanced approach combining traditional methods with AI and robust oversight is crucial for effective integration.

Background Flow-diverter stents (FDS) have become the standard of care for a wide range of intracranial aneurysms, but their efficacy/safety in the context of recurrent/recanalized aneurysms following stent-assisted coiling (SAC) is not well established. We evaluate the outcomes of FDS retreatment in a large multicenter cohort. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data from 118 patients across 22 institutions who underwent FDS retreatment for recurrent/persistent aneurysms after SAC (2008–22). The primary outcome was angiographic occlusion status at last follow-up, categorized as complete (100%), near-complete (90–99%), or incomplete (<90%) occlusion. Secondary outcomes included procedural complications and clinical outcomes measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results A total of 118 patients (median age 57, 74.6% female) with median follow-up of 15.3 months were identified. Complete occlusion was achieved in 62.5% and near-complete occlusion in 25%. FDS deployment within the pre-existing stent was successful in 98.3% of cases. Major complications occurred in 3.4% of cases, including postoperative aneurysmal rupture with resultant mortality (1.6%) and thromboembolic events with long-term disability (1.6%). Favorable clinical outcomes (mRS 0–2) were observed in 95.1% of patients. Wider aneurysm neck diameter was a significant predictor of incomplete occlusion (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.23 per mm, P=0.044), with male sex trending towards association with non-occlusion (aOR 3.2, P=0.07), while baseline hypertension was associated with complete occlusion (aOR 0.32, P=0.048). Conclusions FDS treatment for recurrent/residual aneurysms after SAC represents a viable treatment option for these challenging cases with acceptable safety and reasonable occlusion rates, although lower than de novo FDS occlusion rates.