Tubbs, R Shane

ABSTRACT Anatomy education is a cornerstone of medical training and relies on cadaveric dissection and 2D illustrations. Technological advancements and integrated curricula have reduced the focus on detailed anatomy and challenged educators to engage Generation Z learners with interactive, tech‐driven methods. Advanced imaging and artificial intelligence (AI) offer a solution, providing virtual dissection simulations and personalized learning tools that mimic 3D anatomy and adapt to individual student needs. Machine learning, a subset of AI, enhances this process by enabling predictive analytics, adaptive feedback, and tailored learning pathways based on performance data, significantly improving anatomical comprehension. Despite its benefits, AI integration raises concerns about over‐reliance on technology, biases, and diminished human interaction in training. This review examines AI's transformative potential in anatomy education while emphasizing the need for balanced implementation and ethical oversight. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted, utilizing PubMed and backward citation searches. The search yielded 56 studies, with 47 additional articles from citations, resulting in 61 included studies. These explored AI applications such as virtual dissection simulations, machine learning algorithms for adaptive feedback, and gamified learning experiences, which were shown to enhance engagement, personalize learning, and improve anatomical understanding. Concerns about over‐reliance on AI and the loss of human interaction were also raised. AI has the potential to enhance anatomy education, but careful consideration of ethical and practical implications is essential. A balanced approach combining traditional methods with AI and robust oversight is crucial for effective integration.

AbstractAlthough superior gluteal nerve (SGN) injury can have significant morbidity, to date, surgical strategies for its repair are scant in the literature. Specifically, neurotization options have not been explored. To address this deficiency in the literature, the current cadaveric feasibility study was performed. Via a transgluteal approach on 16 cadaveric sides, the proximal sciatic nerve and the entrance of the SGN into the gluteus medius and minimus were identified. Additionally, branches from the sciatic nerve to the hamstring muscles were traced proximally to confirm their position in relation to the sciatic nerve as a whole. These branches were cut at the level of the ischial tuberosity and teased away from the sciatic nerve proximally to the greater sciatic foramen and transferred superolateral to the SGN. The diameter of each nerve branch was measured as well as its available length for reaching the SGN. All branches of the sciatic nerve to the hamstring muscles arose from the anteromedial part of the nerve. The mean diameters of the branches to the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris muscles were 2.1, 1.9, and 1.5 mm, respectively. The mean diameter of the SGN was 3.1 mm and the mean distance from this entrance point to the ischial spine was 7.2 cm. The mean length of the donor nerve was 8.5 cm. Based on our study, use of a tibial‐innervated hamstring branch as a donor for nerve transfer to the SGN is feasible.

Ulnar neuropathy at the cubital tunnel is common. However, a rare form of ulnar neuropathy here is due to compression from an accessory muscle, the anconeus epitrochlearis. Reports in the literature regarding the details of this muscle's innervation are vague, so the aim of the present study was to characterize this anatomy more clearly. This was a combined review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from patients with an anconeus epitrochlearis and ulnar neuropathy and cadaveric dissections to characterize the innervation of this variant muscle. A review of 11 patients and three reports of ulnar neuropathy and an anconeus epitrochlearis in the literature revealed no MRI changes consistent with acute denervation of this muscle. However, in two cases, there were signs of chronic denervation of the muscle. Dissection of five cadavers revealed that the nerve supply to the anconeus epitrochlearis originated proximal to the medial epicondyle, traveled parallel to the ulnar nerve, terminated on the deep aspect of this muscle, and had a mean length of 60 mm. This clinicoanatomical study provides evidence that the innervation of the anconeus epitrochlearis is proximal to the muscle and on its deep aspect. Clin. Anat. 32:218–223, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.