Citations

INTRODUCTION: Cirrhosis is associated with cardiac dysfunction and distinct electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities. This study aimed to develop a proof-of-concept deep learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) model that could detect cirrhosis-related signals on ECG and generate an AI-Cirrhosis-ECG (ACE) score that would correlate with disease severity. METHODS: A review of Mayo Clinic's electronic health records identified 5,212 patients with advanced cirrhosis ≥18 years who underwent liver transplantation at the 3 Mayo Clinic transplant centers between 1988 and 2019. The patients were matched by age and sex in a 1:4 ratio to controls without liver disease and then divided into training, validation, and test sets using a 70%-10%-20% split. The primary outcome was the performance of the model in distinguishing patients with cirrhosis from controls using their ECGs. In addition, the association between the ACE score and the severity of patients' liver disease was assessed. RESULTS: The model's area under the curve in the test set was 0.908 with 84.9% sensitivity and 83.2% specificity, and this performance remained consistent after additional matching for medical comorbidities. Significant elevations in the ACE scores were seen with increasing model for end-stage liver disease-sodium score. Longitudinal trends in the ACE scores before and after liver transplantation mirrored the progression and resolution of liver disease. DISCUSSION: The ACE score, a deep learning model, can accurately discriminate ECGs from patients with and without cirrhosis. This novel relationship between AI-enabled ECG analysis and cirrhosis holds promise as the basis for future low-cost tools and applications in the care of patients with liver disease.

Background Guidelines promote shared decision‐making (SDM) for anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. We recently showed that adding a within‐encounter SDM tool to usual care (UC) increases patient involvement in decision‐making and clinician satisfaction, without affecting encounter length. We aimed to estimate the extent to which use of an SDM tool changed adherence to the decided care plan and clinical safety end points. Methods and Results We conducted a multicenter, encounter‐level, randomized trial assessing the efficacy of UC with versus without an SDM conversation tool for use during the clinical encounter (Anticoagulation Choice) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation considering starting or reviewing anticoagulation treatment. We conducted a chart and pharmacy review, blinded to randomization status, at 10 months after enrollment to assess primary adherence (proportion of patients who were prescribed an anticoagulant who filled their first prescription) and secondary adherence (estimated using the proportion of days for which treatment was supplied and filled for direct oral anticoagulant, and as time in therapeutic range for warfarin). We also noted any strokes, transient ischemic attacks, major bleeding, or deaths as safety end points. We enrolled 922 evaluable patient encounters (Anticoagulation Choice=463, and UC=459), of which 814 (88%) had pharmacy and clinical follow‐up. We found no differences between arms in either primary adherence (78% of patients in the SDM arm filled their first prescription versus 81% in UC arm) or secondary adherence to anticoagulation (percentage days covered of the direct oral anticoagulant was 74.1% in SDM versus 71.6% in UC; time in therapeutic range for warfarin was 66.6% in SDM versus 64.4% in UC). Safety outcomes, mostly bleeds, occurred in 13% of participants in the SDM arm and 14% in the UC arm. Conclusions In this large, randomized trial comparing UC with a tool to promote SDM against UC alone, we found no significant differences between arms in primary or secondary adherence to anticoagulation or in clinical safety outcomes. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCT02905032.

Introduction Personal digital devices that provide health information, such as the Apple Watch, have developed an increasing array of cardiopulmonary tracking features which have received regulatory clearance and are directly marketed to consumers. Despite their widespread and increasing use, data about the impact of personal digital device use on patient-reported outcomes and healthcare utilisation are sparse. Among a population of patients with atrial fibrillation and/or atrial flutter undergoing cardioversion, our primary aim is to determine the impact of the heart rate measurement, irregular rhythm notification, and ECG features of the Apple Watch on quality of life and healthcare utilisation. Methods and analysis We are conducting a prospective, open-label multicentre pragmatic randomised clinical trial, leveraging a unique patient-centred health data sharing platform for enrolment and follow-up. A total of 150 patients undergoing cardioversion for atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter will be randomised 1:1 to receive the Apple Watch Series 6 or Withings Move at the time of cardioversion. The primary outcome is the difference in the Atrial Fibrillation Effect on QualiTy-of-life global score at 6 months postcardioversion. Secondary outcomes include inpatient and outpatient healthcare utilisation. Additional secondary outcomes include a comparison of the Apple Watch ECG and pulse oximeter features with gold-standard data obtained in routine clinical care settings. Ethics and dissemination The Institutional Review Boards at Yale University, Mayo Clinic, and Duke University Health System have approved the trial protocol. This trial will provide important data to policymakers, clinicians and patients about the impact of the heart rate, irregular rhythm notification, and ECG features of widely used personal digital devices on patient quality of life and healthcare utilisation. Findings will be disseminated to study participants, at professional society meetings and in peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number NCT04468321

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been identified as a major threat to maternal health in the US and UK with cardiomyopathy being one of the most common acquired CVD in the pregnant and postpartum period. Diagnosing cardiomyopathy in pregnancy is challenging due to an overlap of cardiovascular symptoms with normal pregnancy symptoms. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an ECG based deep learning model in identifying cardiomyopathy among pregnant and postpartum women. Methods We utilized an ECG based deep learning model to detect cardiomyopathy in a cohort of pregnant or postpartum women seen at multiple hospital sites. Model performance was evaluated using area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. We compared the diagnostic probabilities of the deep learning model with natriuretic peptides and a multivariable model consisting of demographic and clinical parameters. Results 1,807 women were included. 7%, 10% and 13% had LVEF ≤35%, <45% and <50% respectively. The ECG based deep learning model identified cardiomyopathy with an AUC of 0.92 for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%, 0.89 for LVEF <45% and 0.87 for LVEF <50%. For LVEF ≤35%, AUC was higher in Black (0.95) and Hispanic (0.98) women compared to white (0.91). Natriuretic peptides and the multivariable model had AUCs of 0.85 and 0.72 respectively. Conclusions A deep learning model effectively identifies cardiomyopathy in pregnant or postpartum women, outperforms natriuretic peptides and traditional clinical parameters with the potential to become a powerful initial screening tool for cardiomyopathy in the obstetric care setting. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): This study was made possible using resources supported by the Mayo Clinic Women's Health Research Center and the Mayo Clinic Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women's Health (BIRCWH) Program funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), grant number K12 HD065987. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

In the context of atrial fibrillation (AF), traditional clinical practices have thus far fallen short in several domains such as identifying patients at risk of incident AF or patients with concomitant undetected paroxysmal AF. Novel approaches leveraging artificial intelligence have the potential to provide new tools to deal with some of these old problems. In this review we focus on the roles of artificial intelligence-enabled ECG pertaining to AF, potential roles of deep learning (DL) models in the context of current knowledge gaps, as well as limitations of these models. One key area where DL models can translate to better patient outcomes is through automated ECG interpretation. Further, we overview some of the challenges facing AF screening and the harms and benefits of screening. In this context, a unique model was developed to detect underlying hidden AF from sinus rhythm and is discussed in detail with its potential uses. Knowledge gaps also remain regarding the best ways to monitor patients with ESUS and who would benefit most from oral anticoagulation. The AI-enabled AF model is one potential way to tackle this complex problem as it could be used to identify a subset of high-risk ESUS patients likely to benefit from empirical oral anticoagulation. Role of DL models assessing AF burden from long duration ECG data is also discussed as a way of guiding management. There is a trend towards the use of consumer-grade wristbands and watches to detect AF from photoplethysmography data. However, ECG currently remains the gold standard to detect arrythmias including AF. Lastly, role of adequate external validation of the models and clinical trials to study true performance is discussed.

Background The epidemiology of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in patients with advanced heart failure (HF) is not well defined. Methods and Results Residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, with advanced HF from 2007 to 2017 were identified using the 2018 European Society of Cardiology criteria. Billing codes were used to capture VAs; severe VAs requiring emergency care were defined as events associated with emergency department visits or hospitalizations. The cumulative incidence of VAs postadvanced HF was estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariable Cox analyses were used to determine the following: (1) Predictors of severe VAs postadvanced HF; and (2) Impact of severe VAs on mortality. Of 936 patients with advanced HF, 261 (27.9%) had a history of VA. The 1‐year cumulative incidence of severe VAs postadvanced HF was 5.4%. Prior VAs (hazard ratio [HR] 2.22 [95% CI, 1.26–3.89], P =0.006) and left ventricular ejection fraction <40% (HR, 3.79 [95% CI, 1.72–8.39], P <0.001) were independently associated with increased severe VA risk postadvanced HF. New‐onset severe VAs were associated with increased mortality (HR, 4.41 [95% CI, 2.80–6.94]; P <0.001), whereas severe VAs in patients with prior VAs had no significant association with mortality risk (HR, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.65–1.78]; P =0.77). Severe VAs were associated with increased mortality in patients without implantable cardioverter defibrillators (HR, 4.89 [95% CI, 2.89–8.26]; P <0.001), but not in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (HR, 1.42 [95% CI, 0.92–2.19]; P =0.11). Conclusions Patients with left ventricular ejection fraction <40% and prior VAs have increased risk of severe VA postadvanced HF. New‐onset severe VAs or severe VAs without implantable cardioverter defibrillators postadvanced HF are associated with increased mortality.

Background: Left atrial (LA) myopathy is common in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction and leads to the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). We investigated whether the likelihood of LA remodeling, LA dysfunction, altered hemodynamics, and risk for incident AF could be identified from a single 12-lead ECG using a novel artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled ECG analysis. Methods: Patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (n=613) underwent AI-enabled ECG analysis, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization. Individuals were grouped by AI-enabled ECG probability of contemporaneous AF, taken as an indicator of underlying LA myopathy. Results: Structural heart disease was more severe in patients with higher AI-probability of AF, with more left ventricular hypertrophy, larger LA volumes, and lower LA reservoir and booster strain. Cardiac filling pressures and pulmonary artery pressures were higher in patients with higher AI-probability, while cardiac output reserve was more impaired during exercise. Among patients with sinus rhythm and no prior AF, each 10% increase in AI-probability was associated with a 31% greater risk of developing new-onset AF (hazard ratio, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.20–1.42]; P <0.001). In the population as a whole, each 10% increase in AI-probability was associated with a 12% greater risk of death (hazard ratio, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.08–1.17]; P <0.001) during long-term follow-up, which was no longer significant after adjustments for baseline characteristics. Conclusions: A novel AI-enabled score derived from a single 12-lead ECG identifies the presence of underlying LA myopathy in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction as evidenced by structural, functional, and hemodynamic abnormalities, as well as long-term risk for incident AF. Further research is required to determine the role of the AI-enabled ECG in the evaluation and care of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction.

Shared decision making (SDM) has been advocated to improve patient care, patient decision acceptance, patient-provider communication, patient motivation, adherence, and patient reported outcomes. Documentation of SDM is endorsed in several society guidelines and is a condition of reimbursement for selected cardiovascular and cardiac arrhythmia procedures. However, many clinicians argue that SDM already occurs with clinical encounter discussions or the process of obtaining informed consent and note the additional imposed workload of using and documenting decision aids without validated tools or evidence that they improve clinical outcomes. In reality, SDM is a process and can be done without decision tools, although the process may be variable. Also, SDM advocates counter that the low-risk process of SDM need not be held to the high bar of demonstrating clinical benefit and that increasing the quality of decision making should be sufficient. Our review leverages a multidisciplinary group of experts in cardiology, cardiac electrophysiology, epidemiology, and SDM, as well as a patient advocate. Our goal is to examine and assess SDM methodology, tools, and available evidence on outcomes in patients with heart rhythm disorders to help determine the value of SDM, assess its possible impact on electrophysiological procedures and cardiac arrhythmia management, better inform regulatory requirements, and identify gaps in knowledge and future needs.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias. Implantable and wearable cardiac devices have enabled the detection of asymptomatic AF episodes—termed subclinical AF (SCAF). SCAF, the prevalence of which is likely significantly underestimated, is associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and a significant stroke risk. Recent advances in machine learning, namely artificial intelligence–enabled ECG (AI-ECG), have enabled identification of patients at higher likelihood of SCAF. Leveraging the capabilities of AI-ECG algorithms to drive screening protocols could eventually allow for earlier detection and treatment and help reduce the burden associated with AF.

Since its inception, the electrocardiogram (ECG) has been an essential tool in medicine. The ECG is more than a mere tracing of cardiac electrical activity; it can detect and diagnose various pathologies including arrhythmias, pericardial and myocardial disease, electrolyte disturbances, and pulmonary disease. The ECG is a simple, non-invasive, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic tool in medicine; however, its clinical utility relies on the accuracy of its interpretation. Computer ECG analysis has become so widespread and relied upon that ECG literacy among clinicians is waning. With recent technological advances, the application of artificial intelligence-augmented ECG (AI-ECG) algorithms has demonstrated the potential to risk stratify, diagnose, and even interpret ECGs—all of which can have a tremendous impact on patient care and clinical workflow. In this review, we examine (i) the utility and importance of the ECG in clinical practice, (ii) the accuracy and limitations of current ECG interpretation methods, (iii) existing challenges in ECG education, and (iv) the potential use of AI-ECG algorithms for comprehensive ECG interpretation.