Citations

Abstract INTRODUCTION Associations of arterial stiffness, measured through pulse wave velocity (PWV), with incident dementia may be driven by age‐related structural changes to the arterial wall or by elevated blood pressure. METHODS Dementia‐free White or Black participants in the community‐based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort study with measures of PWV were examined. The associations of carotid‐femoral PWV (cfPWV) and total, structural, and load‐dependent PWV with dementia were estimated using Poisson regression models and Cox proportional hazards models. Dementia cases were defined by physician‐adjudicated review, telephone interviews, hospitalization records, and death certificates. RESULTS Of 4818 participants included in the study population (mean age: 75 years; 41% male, 21% Black), 1067 (22%) developed dementia over a median follow‐up of 9.0 years. Higher cfPWV, total PWV, structural PWV, and load‐dependent PWV were associated with greater dementia risk. DISCUSSION Both structural and pressure‐related arterial stiffness mechanisms may underlie the link between PWV and dementia.

Introduction: Accelerated cognitive decline is influenced by vascular aging. Arterial stiffness and pressure amplification, measures of vascular aging, are associated with lower cognitive performance though their association with cognitive domains has been understudied. Hypothesis: Arterial stiffness and pressure amplification are associated with lower global and domain-specific cognition among a sample of Caucasian and African American (AA) older adults. Methods: In a cross-sectional study of 4618 members from visit 5 (2011-2013) of ARIC (mean age: 75 years, 41% men, 20% AA), we measured arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)) and pressure amplification (pulse pressure amplification (PPA), central pulse pressure (cPP) and carotid systolic blood pressure (cSBP)) using the Omron VP-1000 Plus device. Race-specific 25th percentile cut points were estimated for each measure. Domain-specific cognitive function was examined using the Delayed Word Recall Test (memory), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (executive function/processing speed), and Word Fluency Test (language). Test-specific z scores were calculated from sample means and standard deviations. A global cognition z score was generated by averaging the test-specific z scores. Linear regression was used to estimate the associations between race-specific 25th percentile dichotomies for arterial stiffness and pressure amplification measures with test-specific and global cognition z scores, adjusted for age, sex, education, ApoE4, heart rate, smoking and body mass index. Results: Among AAs, there was no significant association between measures of arterial stiffness and pressure amplification with either global or the domain-specific measures of cognition. Among Caucasians, all measures of arterial stiffness and pressure amplification were associated with lower global cognitive z scores (cfPWV: Beta (β) =-0.11, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): -0.19, -0.04; PPA: β=-0.11, 95% CI: -0.19, -0.03; cPP: β=-0.11, 95% CI: -0.18, -0.04; cSBP: β=-0.12, 95% CI: -0.20, -0.05). All measures of arterial stiffness and pressure amplification also were associated with lower executive function/processing speed (cfPWV: β=-0.09, 95% CI: -0.16, -0.03; PPA: β=-0.15, 95% CI: -0.22, -0.08; cPP: β=-0.14, 95% CI: -0.21, -0.07; cSBP: β=-0.13, 95% CI: -0.20, -0.07). High cfPWV was associated with lower memory (β=-0.12, 95% CI: -0.20, -0.04); and high cSBP was associated with lower language (β=-0.12, 95% CI: -0.20, -0.04). Conclusions: Arterial stiffness and measures of pressure amplification are inversely associated with global and domain-specific cognition in Caucasian older adults, but not in a smaller sample of AAs. Further study of the role of modifiable components of arterial aging on the preservation of cognition, particularly executive function/psychomotor speed, in older adulthood is warranted.

Background: As a high-flow, low-impedance organ, the brain is sensitive to excessive pressure and flow pulsatility. Increased pulsatility and arterial stiffness are hypothesized to contribute to cerebral microvascular damage linked to cognitive impairment. The association of arterial stiffness with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in a biethnic population is not well characterized, and the association of pressure amplification with MCI and dementia is relatively unexplored. Objectives: To quantify the cross-sectional association of arterial stiffness, measured by aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), and pressure amplification with MCI and dementia in a biethnic population of older adults. Methods: We included 4,945 adults (2,903 females; 1,069 African Americans; mean age 75 years) from the population-based ARIC-NCS. The Omron VP-1000 plus system was used to measure arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV)) and pressure amplification measures (central systolic blood pressure (cSBP), central pulse pressure (cPP), and pulse pressure amplification (PPA)). A neurologist and neuropsychologist classified MCI and dementia using psychometric assessments, medical history, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, and physical examinations, with adjudication by a third reviewer. We used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate associations of race-specific 25th percentile cut points of PWV and pressure amplification with normal cognition (reference), MCI and dementia. We stratified by race and adjusted for age, sex, and heart rate, ApoE4, education, smoking status, and study center. Results: There were 760 Caucasians with MCI and 110 with dementia, and 201 African Americans with MCI and 47 with dementia. Among Caucasians, those with lower PPA had a higher prevalence of dementia, odds ratio (OR)=1.84 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 2.97), comparing participants below the 25th percentile to those above it, and those with higher cSBP had a higher prevalence of MCI, OR=1.33 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.63), comparing participants above the 75th percentile to those below it. Also among Caucasians, those with higher cPP had a higher prevalence of MCI, OR=1.25 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.55), and dementia, OR=1.66 (95% CI: 1.00, 2.73), comparing participants above the 75th percentile to those below it. There were no statistically significant associations with cfPWV, among African Americans, and no evidence for effect modification by hypertension or diabetes. Conclusion: Arterial stiffness and components of pressure amplification were associated with MCI and dementia in Caucasians but not in African Americans, possibly due to the limited sample size. Longitudinal characterization of the observed associations is warranted to determine whether these measures are independent predictors of MCI and dementia among Caucasian and African American older adults.

Abstract BACKGROUND The purpose of this document is to provide clinicians with guidance, using expert consensus, to help summarize evidence and offer practical recommendations. METHODS Expert Consensus Documents are intended to provide guidance for clinicians in areas in which there are no clinical practice guidelines, especially for new and evolving tests such as arterial stiffness measurements, until any formal guidelines are released. RESULTS This expert consensus document is intended as a source of information for decision-making and to guide clinician–patient discussions in various clinical scenarios. CONCLUSIONS The goal is to help clinicians and patients make a more informed decision together.

Introduction: Small vessel disease is associated with decreased cognitive function, possibly differential by race. Age-related central arterial stiffening increases pulsatility resulting in hypoperfusion, microvascular damage and remodeling in the brain, potentially impairing cognition. We examined if arterial stiffness and pressure amplification are associated with lacunar infarcts and greater volumes of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in a sample of Caucasian and African American (AA) older adults. Methods: We analyzed a cross-sectional sample of ARIC participants aged 67-90 years (n=1486) from visit 5 (2011-2013), with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Omron VP-1000 Plus was used to measure aortic stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity [cfPWV]) and pressure amplification measures (pulse pressure amplification [PPA], central pulse pressure [cPP], and estimated central systolic blood pressure [cSBP]). Aortic stiffness and pressure amplification were dichotomized at race-specific 25th percentile cut points. Brain MRI using 3D-1.5T equipment quantified the presence of lacunar infarcts and volumes of WMH following a standardized protocol. Logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, education, ApoE4, heart rate, smoking and body mass index, was used to quantify the odds of lacunar infarcts in participants with high vs. low cfPWV, cPP, cSBP, and low vs. high PPA. Linear regression models, additionally adjusted for intracranial volume, estimated the difference in log-transformed volumes of WMH among participants with high vs. low cfPWV, cPP, cSBP, and low vs. high PPA. Probability sampling weights for an MRI were included to allow for generalizability to the full visit 5 cohort. Results: Among the 1486 participants with a brain MRI (mean age: 76, 41% male, 26% AA), measures of aortic stiffness and pressure amplification were associated with lacunar infarcts in Caucasians, but not in AAs. Caucasian participants with a high cfPWV had greater odds of lacunar infarcts (Odds Ratio [OR] =2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23, 2.20). Caucasians with high cSBP had higher odds of lacunar infarcts (OR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.10, 2.69). In Caucasians, high cfPWV was associated with a 21% (95% CI: 6, 38) greater volume of WMH as compared to a low cfPWV; high cSBP was associated with a 28% (95% CI: 14, 45) greater volume of WMH compared to a low cSBP. In AAs, high cfPWV was associated with a 32% (95% CI: 7, 62) greater volume of WMH as compared to low cfPWV. Cerebral microvascular imaging markers did not differ quantitatively with measures of PPA and cPP. Conclusions: Central arterial stiffening and pressure amplification are plausible microvascular contributors to cognitive aging, providing new information on modifiable pathways for previously observed associations between cardiovascular disease risk factors and the rates of cognitive decline and dementia among older adults.

Background: Vascular aging is associated with cognitive decline. Aortic stiffness is a hallmark of vascular aging. We tested the hypothesis that greater aortic stiffness is associated with a faster rate of cognitive decline over 5 years among older adults. Methods: A prospective cohort study at the 5th (2011-2013) and 6th (2016-2017) examinations of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS) was conducted to quantify the association between baseline aortic stiffness and cognitive decline over 5 years. A total of 4639 participants (mean age: 75 years, 41% men, 22% Black) with baseline measures of aortic stiffness and cognitive function were included in the analysis. Aortic stiffness was measured as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) using the Omron VP-1000 Plus device and analyzed continuously per 1 standard deviation meter/second (3.20 m/s). Elevated aortic stiffness was defined as the upper 25th percentile of cfPWV (13.39 m/s). Cognitive function was based on ten neuropsychological tests across multiple domains of cognition, including memory, executive function/processing speed, and language. A global cognitive performance factor score was estimated based on all cognitive tests at both visits. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the associations of each standard deviation (SD) increment in cfPWV and elevated cfPWV with annual cognitive decline over 5 years. Interactions with baseline cognitive status were assessed. To account for attrition (35% over 5 years), multiple imputation by chained equations was used to impute missing global cognitive performance factor scores at visit 6. Results: Each 1 SD increase in cfPWV was associated with 0.008 SD (Beta (β)=-0.008, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.010, -0.003) annual rate of decline in cognitive function after adjustment for age, sex, education, race-center and ApoE4. With additional adjustment for ever smoking, total weekly physical activity time, mean arterial pressure, diabetes, and body mass index, each SD higher cfPWV was associated with 0.005 SD (β=-0.005, 95% CI: -0.010, -0.001) annual rate of decline in cognitive function. Elevated cfPWV was associated with 0.015 SD (β=-0.015, 95% CI: -0.024, -0.005) annual decline in cognitive function, and with 0.010 SD (β=-0.010, 95% CI: -0.020, 0.0001) annual decline after additional adjustment. Conclusion: Higher aortic stiffness is associated with the rate of decline in global cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults. The hemodynamic sequelae of aortic stiffening may contribute to cognitive decline among older adults.

Background Changes in white matter microstructural integrity are detectable before appearance of white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging as a manifestation of cerebral small‐vessel disease. The information relating poor white matter microstructural integrity to aortic stiffness, a hallmark of aging, is limited. We aimed to examine the association between aortic stiffness and white matter microstructural integrity among older adults. Methods and Results We conducted a cross‐sectional study to examine the association between aortic stiffness and white matter microstructural integrity among 1484 men and women (mean age, 76 years) at the 2011 to 2013 examination of the ARIC‐NCS (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study). Aortic stiffness was measured as carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity. Cerebral white matter microstructural integrity was measured as fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity using diffusion tensor imaging. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the associations of carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity with fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity of the overall cerebrum and at regions of interest. Each 1‐m/s higher carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity was associated with lower overall fractional anisotropy (β=−0.03; 95% CI , −0.05 to −0.02) and higher overall mean diffusivity (β=0.03; 95% CI , 0.02–0.04). High carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (upper 25th percentile) was associated with lower fractional anisotropy (β=−0.40; 95% CI , −0.61 to −0.20) and higher overall mean diffusivity (β=0.27; 95% CI , 0.10–0.43). Similar associations were observed at individual regions of interest. Conclusions High aortic stiffness is associated with low cerebral white matter microstructural integrity among older adults. Aortic stiffness may serve as a target for the prevention of poor cerebral white matter microstructural integrity.

Introduction: Stiffening of the aorta is associated with greater pulse pressure and transmission of pulsatile energy into the cerebral circulation, which can increase susceptibility to microvascular damage in the brain. We tested the hypothesis that higher aortic stiffness measured in late-life is associated with a greater prevalence odds of dementia measured ~5 years later. Methods: Dementia-free ARIC-NCS participants (n=4753; mean age: 75 years; 42% male; 21% black) with measures of aortic stiffness at the visit 5 (2011-2013) examination were included. Aortic stiffness was measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) using the VP-1000 Plus device (Omron Co., Japan) and modeled as continuous (per standard deviation (SD)), categorical into distribution-based quartiles, and as elevated vs. non-elevated cfPWV according to the upper 25 th percentile (13.34 m/s). Cognitive status (normal/mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/dementia) was ascertained at the visit 5 and 6 (2016-2017) examinations with expert review by an adjudication committee of in-person cognitive testing. A multivariable logistic regression model estimated the adjusted association of cfPWV with 5-year odds of dementia. Results: Among dementia-free participants, a 1 SD higher cfPWV was associated with a greater odds of dementia (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.19 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.03, 1.39). Elevated cfPWV (upper 25 th percentile) was also associated with a greater odds of dementia (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.19) in this sample. This association was stronger among participants who were cognitively normal at visit 5 (n=3758, Table): the multivariable-adjusted OR of dementia = 2.16 (95% CI: 1.35, 3.47) for elevated vs. non-elevated cfPWV. The risk of dementia among those with baseline MCI (n=955) was not associated with cfPWV levels. Results were robust to adjustment for vascular risk factors. Conclusions: Among older adults, especially when MCI is not present, greater central aortic stiffness is associated with dementia risk.

Background Central arterial stiffening and increased pulsatility, with consequent cerebral hypoperfusion, may result in structural brain damage and cognitive impairment. Methods and Results We analyzed a cross‐sectional sample of ARIC ‐ NCS (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities–Neurocognitive Study) participants (aged 67–90 years, 60% women) with measures of cognition (n=3703) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (n=1255). Central arterial hemodynamics were assessed as carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity and pressure pulsatility (central pulse pressure). We derived factor scores for cognitive domains. Brain magnetic resonance imaging using 3‐Tesla scanners quantified lacunar infarcts; cerebral microbleeds; and volumes of white matter hyperintensities, total brain, and the Alzheimer disease signature region. We used logistic regression, adjusted for demographics, apolipoprotein E ɛ4, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and select cardiovascular risk factors, to estimate the odds of lacunar infarcts or cerebral microbleeds. Linear regression, additionally adjusted for intracranial volume, estimated the difference in log‐transformed volumes of white matter hyperintensities , total brain, and the Alzheimer disease signature region. We estimated the mean difference in cognitive factor scores across quartiles of carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity or central pulse pressure using linear regression. Compared with participants in the lowest carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity quartile, participants in the highest quartile of carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity had a greater burden of white matter hyperintensities ( P =0.007 for trend), smaller total brain volumes (−18.30 cm 3 ; 95% CI , −27.54 to −9.07 cm 3 ), and smaller Alzheimer disease signature region volumes (−1.48 cm 3 ; 95% CI , −2.27 to −0.68 cm 3 ). These participants also had lower scores in executive function/processing speed (β=−0.04 z score; 95% CI , −0.07 to −0.01 z score) and general cognition (β=−0.09 z score; 95% CI , −0.15 to −0.03 z score). Similar results were observed for central pulse pressure . Conclusions Central arterial hemodynamics were associated with structural brain damage and poorer cognitive performance among older adults.

Abstract Aim Weight gain appears to accelerate age-related ventricular–arterial stiffening, which has been implicated in the development of heart failure (HF), but it is unclear whether body fat accumulation underpins this association. We evaluated the relationship of adiposity, using measures of body composition, with ventricular–arterial stiffness among the elderly in the community. Methods and results Adiposity was accessed through body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and body fat percentage. We studied the association of these measures with carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), arterial elastance index (EaI), left ventricular (LV) end-systolic elastance index (EesI) and LV end-diastolic elastance index (EedI) in 5520 community-based, elderly Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study participants, who underwent echocardiography between 2011 and 2013. BMI and waist circumference were directly associated with EaI, EedI and EesI even after adjusting for age, sex, race, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart rate, prevalent coronary heart disease and HF. After further adjustment for BMI, body fat percentage demonstrated significant independent linear relationships with EaI [standardized beta coefficient (β)=0.17, P<0.001], EesI (β=0.08, P=0.003) and EedI (β=0.20, P<0.001), and significant non-linear relationships with cfPWV (P=0.033). Conclusion In this biracial community-based cohort, increased adiposity was associated with increased ventricular–arterial stiffness among the elderly and suggests a potential mechanism by which obesity might contribute to the development of HF.