Citations

We assessed the in vitro activity of Manuka honey against biofilm bacteria in combination with antibiotics and visualized the effect of Manuka honey on bacterial biofilms using scanning electron microscopy. The fractional biofilm eradication concentration ( ∑ FBEC ) index for vancomycin plus Manuka honey against S. aureus IDRL-4284 biofilms was 0.34, indicating a synergistic interaction. The ∑ FBEC index for gentamicin plus Manuka honey against P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms was 0.78–0.82, indicating an additive interaction. Scanning electron microscopy of S. aureus IDRL-4284 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms exposed to Manuka honey and artificial honey containing the same sugar composition as Manuka honey showed that the former had more pronounced effects than the latter on both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms. Visualized effects included distorted cell morphologies for both bacteria and a decrease in P. aeruginosa extracellular matrix. In conclusion, Manuka honey has a synergistic interaction with vancomycin against S. aureus biofilms and an additive interaction with gentamicin against P. aeruginosa biofilms.

ABSTRACTA 75-year-old man was diagnosed with probableCampylobacter jejuniprosthetic knee infection after a diarrheal illness. Joint aspirate and operative cultures were negative, but PCR of prosthesis sonicate fluid was positive, as was stool culture. Nineteen additional cases ofCampylobacterprosthetic joint infection reported in the literature are reviewed.

A 17-year-old male was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit for evaluation of acute liver failure. He was recently released from an alcohol treatment center with acute onset of chest pain. Cardiac workup was negative but he was found to have abnormal coagulation studies and elevated liver transaminases. Other evaluations included a normal toxicology screen and negative acetaminophen level. Autoimmune and infectious workups were normal providing no identifiable cause of his acute liver failure. He initially denied any ingestions or illicit drug use but on further query he admitted taking niacin in an attempt to obscure the results of an upcoming drug test. Niacin has been touted on the Internet as an aid to help pass urine drug tests though there is no evidence to support this practice. Niacin toxicity has been associated with serious multisystem organ failure and fulminant hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation. Pediatric providers should be aware of the risks associated with niacin toxicity and other experimental medical therapies that may be described on the Internet or other nonreputable sources.

Identifying tobacco use status is essential to address use and provide resources to help patients quit. Being able to collect this information in an electronic format will become increasingly important, as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has included the assessment of tobacco use as part of its Stage 1 Meaningful Use criteria. The objective was to compare the accuracy of online vs. paper assessment methods to ascertain cigarette smoking status using a face-to-face structured interview as the gold standard. This was a retrospective analysis of a stratified opportunity sample of consecutive patients, reporting in 2010 for a periodic health evaluation, who completed either a scannable paper-based form or an online questionnaire and underwent a standardized rooming interview. Compared with face-to-face structured interview, the overall observed agreement and kappa coefficient for both methods combined (paper and online) were 97.7% and 0.69 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51–0.86) . For the online form they were 97.4% and 0.61 (95% CI 0.33–0.90), and for the paper form they were 97.9% and 0.75 (95% CI 0.54–0.96). There was no statistically significant difference in agreement between the online and paper-based methods ( P =0.76) compared with a face-to-face structured interview. Online assessment of tobacco use status is as accurate as a paper questionnaire, and both methods have greater than 97% observed agreement with a face-to-face structured interview. The use of online assessment of tobacco use status has several advantages and more widespread use should be explored. ( Population Health Management 2014;17:185–189)

Context: Research examining the source of excess soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1) in preeclampsia has focused on the placenta. The potential contribution of the releasable store of sFLT1 in the systemic vasculature is unknown. Objective: We asked whether the nonplacental releasable store of sFLT1 is larger in women with previous preeclampsia than in women with a previous uncomplicated pregnancy. Design: We administered heparin to nulligravid women and to women with previous preeclampsia or a previous uncomplicated pregnancy. We compared post-heparin sFLT1 concentrations with those observed in uncomplicated pregnancy and preeclampsia. Setting: The study was performed at Magee-Womens Hospital. Patients: Participants included nulligravidas (n = 8), women 6–24 months postpartum (previous uncomplicated pregnancy, n = 16; previous preeclampsia, n = 15), and pregnant women (uncomplicated pregnancy, n = 30; preeclampsia, n = 25). Intervention: Nonpregnant women received an unfractionated heparin bolus. Main Outcome Measures: Pre- and post-heparin plasma sFLT1, placental growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor were measured. Results: In nonpregnant women, heparin increased plasma sFLT1 by 250-fold (P < .01), increased placental growth factor by 7-fold (P < .01), and decreased free vascular endothelial growth factor (P < .01). These changes did not differ between nulligravidas, women with previous preeclampsia, and women with a previous uncomplicated pregnancy. Post-heparin sFLT1 in nonpregnant women was higher than sFLT1 in uncomplicated pregnancy, but lower than sFLT1 in preeclampsia. Baseline and post-heparin sFLT1 were positively correlated (r2 = 0.19; P < .01). Heparin increased the concentration of the 100-kDa sFLT1 isoform. Adding heparin to whole blood or plasma did not increase sFLT1. Conclusions: Nonpregnant women have a significant vascular store of releasable sFLT1. The size of this store does not differ between women with previous preeclampsia vs women with previous uncomplicated pregnancy.

ABSTRACT We compared PCR-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR-ESI/MS) to culture using sonicate fluid from 431 subjects with explanted knee ( n = 270) or hip ( n = 161) prostheses. Of these, 152 and 279 subjects had prosthetic joint infection (PJI) and aseptic failure, respectively. The sensitivities for detecting PJI were 77.6% for PCR-ESI/MS and 69.7% for culture ( P = 0.0105). The specificities were 93.5 and 99.3%, respectively ( P = 0.0002).

AbstractDiarrhea is best defined as passage of loose stools often with more frequent bowel movements. For clinical purposes, theBristolStoolFormScale works well to distinguish stool form and to identify loose stools. Laboratory testing of stool consistency has lagged behind. Acute diarrhea is likely to be due to infection and to be self‐limited. As diarrhea becomes chronic, it is less likely to be due to infection; duration of 1 month seems to work well as a cut‐off for chronic diarrhea, but detailed scientific knowledge is missing about the utility of this definition. In addition to duration of diarrhea, classifications by presenting scenario, by pathophysiology, and by stool characteristics (e.g. watery, fatty, or inflammatory) may help the canny clinician refine the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea. In this regard, a careful history remains the essential part of the evaluation of a patient with diarrhea. Imaging the intestine with endoscopy and radiographic techniques is useful, and biopsy of the small intestine and colon for histological assessment provides key diagnostic information. Endomicroscopy and molecular pathology are only now being explored for the diagnosis of chronic diarrhea. Interest in the microbiome of the gut is increasing; aside from a handful of well‐described infections because of pathogens, little is known about alterations in the microbiome in chronic diarrhea. Serological tests have well‐defined roles in the diagnosis of celiac disease but have less clearly defined application in autoimmune enteropathies and inflammatory bowel disease. Measurement of peptide hormones is of value in the diagnosis and management of endocrine tumors causing diarrhea, but these are so rare that these tests are of little value in screening because there will be many more false‐positives than true‐positive results. Chemical analysis of stools is of use in classifying chronic diarrhea and may limit the differential diagnosis that must be considered, but interpretation of the results is still evolving. Breath tests for assessment of carbohydrate malabsorption, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, and intestinal transit are fraught with technical limitations that decrease sensitivity and specificity. Likewise, tests of bile acid malabsorption have had limited utility beyond empirical trials of bile acid sequestrants.