Citations

Genetic College Many genomic elements in humans are associated with behavior, including educational attainment. In a genome-wide association study including more than 100,000 samples, Rietveld et al. (p. 1467 , published online 30 May; see the Perspective by Flint and Munafò ) looked for genes related to educational attainment in Caucasians. Small genetic effects at three loci appeared to impact educational attainment.

Objectives To investigate the incidence of carcinoma in situ ( CIS ) in Australia and examine implications for its diagnosis and management, as CIS of the urinary bladder is a non‐reportable disease in Australia. Methods Analysis of annual hospitalisation data using A ustralian I nstitute of H ealth and W elfare ( AIHW ) datasets showed an increase in CIS from 2001 onwards. To determine whether the increase seen with AIHW data represented a true increase in the rates offices, patient level data was examined using the Centre for Health record linkage ( CHeReL ) datasets. Results CHeReL linked data of 13 790 males and 5902 females, calculated the average incidence of CIS to be 20.9 per 100 000 and 6.5 per 100 000 respectively in those aged > 50 years, showing a rapid increase in the rates of CIS from 2001. There was an 11% ( P = 0.04) and 14% ( P = 0.02) annual increase in incidence of CIS in men and women and these rates increased with age. Conclusions National data ( AIHW ) substantially underestimate the incidence of CIS in the Australian population. Patient level data suggest CIS rates are rapidly increasing in Australia despite high treatment rates. Closer surveillance and awareness of these high rates warrants further study and we recommend that CIS be considered a reportable disease.

SummaryManagement of a pediatric airway can be a challenge, especially for the nonpediatric anesthesiologists. Structured algorithms for an unexpected difficult pediatric airway have been missing so far. A recent step wise algorithm, based on the Difficult Airway society (DAS) adult protocol, is a step in the right direction. There have been some exciting advances in development of pediatric extra‐glottic devices for maintaining ventilation, and introduction of pediatric versions of new ‘non line of sight’ laryngoscopes and optical stylets. The exact role of these devices in routine and emergent situations is still evolving. Recent advances in simulation technology has become a valuable tool in imparting psychomotor and procedural skills to trainees and allied healthcare workers. Moving toward the goal of eliminating serious adverse events during the management of routine and difficult pediatric airway, authors propose that institutions develop a dedicated Difficult Airway Service comprising of a team of experts in advanced airway management.