Baumeister, Sebastian E.
Mayo Clinic
Institute of Health Services Research in Dentistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Citations 2
Target Trial Emulation in Observational Research—Strengths, Limitations, and Methodological Considerations
Baumeister, Sebastian-Edgar, Leiva-Escobar, Ignacio , Demmer, Ryan, Holtfreter, Birte , Nolde, Michael , Baumeister, Sebastian E. , Demmer, Ryan T , Holtfreter, Birte , Nolde, Michael , Baumeister, Sebastian‐Edgar , Demmer, Ryan T. , Papapanou, Panos N , Kocher, Thomas
Journal of Periodontal Research | March 8, 2026 | Volume: No volume available | Issue: No issue available | Pages: No page available
ABSTRACT Cohort studies are vulnerable to confounding and time‐related biases. Recent advances emphasize the importance of emulating a hypothetical target trial to minimize several of these biases. The target trial framework is a critical tool for designing cohort studies. It requires explicit specification of protocol components: eligibility criteria, treatment strategies, outcomes, timing of follow‐up (time zero), and the causal contrast to be estimated. Critical to this framework is defining “time zero” when treatment assignment takes place and follow‐up begins, which prevents prevalent user and immortal time bias and ensures proper temporal sequencing of confounders, exposure, and outcome. By guiding design, data collection, and analysis, the target trial framework helps align observational studies with the principles of randomized trials, improving the validity and interpretability of their findings. While it cannot eliminate unmeasured confounding, this approach promotes transparent, bias‐conscious cohort design, minimizes time‐related bias, and supports more robust causal inference with observational data.
GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment
Rietveld, Cornelius A. , Medland, Sarah E. , Derringer, Jaime , Esko, Tõnu , Martín, Nicolás W., Westra, Harm-Jan , Shakhbazov, Konstantin, Abdellaoui, Abdel , Albrecht, Eva, Alizadeh, Behrooz Z. , Amin, Najaf , Baumeister, Sebastian E. , Benke, Kelly S. , Bielak, Lawrence F. , Boatman, Jeffrey A. , Boyle, Patricia A. , Davies, Gail , Leeuw, Christiaan de , Eklund, Niina, Evans, Daniel S. , Ferhmann, Rudolf, Fischer, Krista , Gieger, Christian , Gjessing, Håkon K. , Hägg, Sara , Harris, Jennifer R. , Hayward, Caroline , Jacobsson, Bo , Joshi, Peter K. , Jugessur, Astanand , Kaakinen, Marika , Kanoni, Stavroula , Karjalainen, Juha, Kolčić, Ivana , Kristiansson, Kati , Kutalik, Zoltán , Lahti, Jari , Lee, Sang , Lin, Peng, Lind, Penelope A. , Lohman, Kurt, Loitfelder, Marisa, McMahon, George, Marques‐Vidal, Pedro , Meirelles, Osorio , Milani, Lili , Myhre, Ronny , Nuotio, Marja-Liisa , Oldmeadow, Christopher , Petrovic, Katja, Peyrot, Wouter J. , Polašek, Ozren , Quaye, Lydia, Reinmaa, Eva, Rice, John P. , Rizzi, Thais S., Schmidt, Helena , Schmidt, Reinhold, Smith, Albert V. , Smith, Jennifer A. , Terracciano, Antonio , Loos, Matthijs J. H. M. van der, Vitart, Véronique , Völzke, Henry , Wellmann, Jürgen , Yu, Lei , Zhao, Wei , Allïk, Jüri , Bandinelli, Stefania , Bastardot, François , Beauchamp, Jonathan , Bennett, David A. , Berger, Klaus, Bültmann, Ute , Campbell, Harry, Chabris, Christopher F., Cherkas, Lynn, Chung, Mina K. , Cucca, Francesco , Jager, Philip L. De , Neve, Jan-Emmanuel De, Deary, Ian J. , Dedoussis, George , Deloukas, Panos , Dimitriou, Maria , Eiríksdóttir, Guðný , Elderson, Martin F., Eriksson, Johan G. , Evans, David M. , Faul, Jessica D. , Ferrucci, Luigi , Garcia, Melissa E., Grönberg, Henrik , Guðnason, Vilmundur , Harris, Tamara B., Hastie, Nicholas D. , Hernández, Dena , Hoffmann, Wolfgang , Hofman, Adriaan, Holle, Rolf , Holliday, Elizabeth G., Hottenga, Jouke‐Jan , Illig, Thomas, Järvelin, Marjo‐Riitta , Kähönen, Mika , Kaprio, Jaakko , Kirkpatrick, Robert M. , Kowgier, Matthew , Latvala, Antti , Lawlor, Debbie A. , Lehtimäki, Terho , Li, Jingmei , Lichtenstein, Paul , Lichtner, Peter , Liewald, David C. , Madden, Pamela A. F., Magnusson, Patrik K. E. , Mäkinen, Tomi E., Masala, Marco , McGue, Matt , Mielck, Andreas, Miller, Michael B., Montgomery, Grant W. , Mukherjee, Sutapa , Nyholt, Dale R. , Oostra, Ben A., Palmer, Lyle J. , Palotie, Aarno , Perola, Markus, Peyser, Patricia A. , Preisig, Martin , Räikkönen, Katri , Rivadeneira, Fernando , Rudan, Igor , Rustichini, Aldo , Sarin, Antti-Pekka, Schlessinger, David, Scott, Rodney J. , Snieder, Harold , Pourcain, Beaté St , Starr, John M. , Sul, Jae Hoon , Surakka, Ida , Svento, Rauli , Teumer, Alexander , Study, The LifeLines Cohort, Tiemeier, Henning , Rooij, Frank J.A. van , Wagoner, David R. Van , Vartiainen, Erkki , Viikari, Jorma , Vollenweider, Péter , Vonk, Judith M. , Waeber, Gérard , Weir, David R. , Wichmann, H.‐Erich , Widén, Elisabeth , Willemsen, Gonneke , Wright, Alan F., Davey-Smith, George, Franke, Lude , Groenen, Patrick J. F. , Hofman, Albert , Johannesson, Magnus , Kardia, Sharon L. R., Krueger, Robert F., Laibson, David, Martin, Nicholas G. , Meyer, Michelle N., Posthuma, Daniëlle , Thurik, Roy , Timpson, Nicholas J. , Uitterlinden, André G. , Duijn, Cornelia M. van , Visscher, Peter M. , Benjamin, Daniel J. , Cesarini, David , Koellinger, Philipp , Bennett, David A. , Smith, George Davey , Meyer, Michelle N. , Westra, Harm-Jan , Yang, Jian , Agrawal, Arpana , Barnard, John , Holzapfel, Christina M. , Ibrahim‐Verbaas, Carla A. , Ingelsson, Erik , Lin, Peng, Liu, Ching‐Ti , Tanaka, Toshiko , Attia, John , Berger, Klaus, Bierut, Laura Jean , Boomsma, Dorret I , Andrade, Mariza de , Hall, Per N , Harris, Juliette , Heath, Andrew C. , Hofman, Adriaan, Holliday, Elizabeth G., Iacono, William G. , Launer, Lenore J. , Mäkinen, Tomi E., Metspalu, Andres , Palotie, Aarno V. , Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. , Raitakari, Olli Tuomas , Realo, Anu , Ring, Susan M. , Ripatti, Samuli , Salomaa, Veikko , Study, The LifeLines Cohort, Wilson, James Fox , Conley, Dalton , Davey-Smith, George, Smith, Jennifer A , Hottenga, Jouke-Jan , Martin, Nicholas G , Posthuma, Danielle , St Pourcain, Beate , Medland, Sarah E , Li, Jingmei , Teumer, Alexander , van Duijn, Cornelia M , Smith, Albert V , Ferrucci, Luigi , Davey Smith, George , Vonk, Judith M , Kanoni, Stavroula , Surakka, Ida
Science | May 31, 2013 | Volume: 340 | Issue: 6139 | Pages: 1467-1471
Genetic College Many genomic elements in humans are associated with behavior, including educational attainment. In a genome-wide association study including more than 100,000 samples, Rietveld et al. (p. 1467 , published online 30 May; see the Perspective by Flint and Munafò ) looked for genes related to educational attainment in Caucasians. Small genetic effects at three loci appeared to impact educational attainment.