Citations

Abstract Background and Aims Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) face increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). While the natural history of conventional dysplastic precursor lesions has been well-studied, the neoplastic potential of recently described nonconventional (NC) IBD-associated colonic mucosal lesions is unclear. We aimed to assess the incidence of antecedent NC lesions in patients with IBD who developed CRC. Methods A case-cohort study was performed to include patients with a diagnosis of IBD with or without CRC who underwent at least 2 surveillance endoscopic procedures at our institution between 1/1/2007 and 5/31/2023. NC lesions included serrated change and indefinite for dysplasia. Detection rates pre- and post-introduction of high-definition (HD) surveillance colonoscopy were compared. Results In total, 87 patients with IBD and CRC and 200 patients with IBD without CRC were identified. Of the cases, a majority had ulcerative colitis (n = 52, 60%), most commonly with extensive involvement (n = 46, 89%). Conventional (hazard ratio [HR] 2.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-3.52) and NC (HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.59-3.26) lesions were associated with increased risk of CRC. Conventional lesions in the post-HD era appeared to have a stronger association with CRC (HR 2.79, 95% CI 1.62-4.77) than NC lesions (HR 1.62, 95% CI 0.86-3.06). Conclusions Both conventional and NC lesions seem to be associated with increased risk of CRC. Conventional lesions are more strongly associated with CRC than NC lesions in the post-HD era, but misclassifications in the pre-HD era may have resulted in a biased increased risk estimate for NC lesions.

Abstract Background At the time of hospice enrollment, patients are asked whether they would potentially want antibiotics. This is little information regarding which patients are more likely to receive these antibiotics or the impact on comfort or longevity. To help guide discussions with patients and families and target future stewardship interventions, we sought to characterize the use of antibiotics in the outpatient hospice setting. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients enrolled in hospice with the Mayo Clinic Health System -Midwest from 1/1/2017 through 1/1/2023. For those with documented Hospice Qualifying Condition (HQC), we assessed age at enrollment, gender, survival time (ST), and Charleston Comorbidity Index (CCI). We documented which antibiotics were prescribed and compared the rate of prescription based on the above characteristics. Results We identified 6452 patients with identifiable HQC. Of these, 1281 patients (19.8%) received 4173 antibiotic prescriptions. After removing refilled prescriptions, there were 2037 new prescriptions. Cephalosporins were the most common class of antibiotics prescribed (24.4% of antibiotics prescribed), followed by fluoroquinolones (19.9%), penicillin derivatives (14.4%), and trimethoprim (10.4%) (fig 1). Pulmonary (28.6%) and GI (31.9%) HQCs were most likely to receive antibiotics, neurologic was least likely (fig 2). There was no difference of age for those receiving antibiotics (80.6 yr) vs those not receiving (80.3 yr [p=0.53]), or for gender (male vs female OR 0.97 [0.86-1.10). CCI was higher in those patients who received antibiotics (4.3) than those not receiving (3.93, p< 0.001). Patients were more likely to receive antibiotics the longer they survived on hospice (4.7% surviving < 7d, 47.7% surviving >6mo – fig 3). Conclusion Antibiotics are an important pharmaceutical tool in the hospice setting. Nearly 20% of patients in hospice will receive antibiotics during their hospice course, with higher chance in those surviving longer periods and those enrolled for GI or pulmonary reasons. Discussions of antibiotic are crucial for these groups, and antimicrobial steward efforts should consider focusing on these patients. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored challenges with patient adherence to medical directives, particularly vaccine acceptance. While sociodemographic factors have been linked to non-COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, the relationships between patient experience, the COVID-19 pandemic, and adherence to routine vaccinations are uncertain.Figure 1:Yearly influenza vaccine refusal, influenza vaccine administrations, and overall patient satisfaction since establishing care with a primary care provider from 2017-2023.Panel A (Influenza Refusals): the number of vaccine refusals among individuals who are Intermittently Vaccinated and Never Vaccinated for seasonal influenza since establishing care with a primary care provider over time.Panel B (Influenza Vaccinations): the number of vaccines administered over time since establishing care with a primary care provider among those who are Always Vaccinated and Intermittently Vaccinated for seasonal influenza.Panel C (Overall Satisfaction): the number of patients who indicated that they were maximally satisfied with their overall care following any interaction with the healthcare system over time. Methods We retrospectively analyzed influenza vaccination records of adult primary care patients in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Vaccination history was examined during two phases: Pre-Pandemic (1/1/2017—2/28/2020) and Pandemic-Plus (3/1/2020—12/31/2023). Vaccination status was defined as “always vaccinated” (AV), “never vaccinated” (NV), or “intermittently missed years of vaccinations” (IV) for seasonal influenza. Patient dissatisfaction was determined if patients negatively ranked their overall quality of care on standard patient experience surveys. We explored the relationship between influenza vaccination rates, healthcare engagement, and patient satisfaction.Figure 2:Multinomial logistic regression of patient satisfaction on vaccination status across the phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic, adjusted for engagement in the health care system, participation, and area of deprivation index (ADI) for patients that were (A) intermittently vaccinated compared to always vaccinated and (B) never vaccinated comparted to always vaccinated. The “Pre-pandemic phase” refers to influenza immunization data and patient satisfaction data prior to March 2020. The “Pandemic-plus phase” refers to immunization data and patient satisfaction data from March 2020 to January 2024. Low ADI ranking refers to areas with a low level of deprivation, whereas high ADI ranking refers to areas with a high level of deprivation. Individuals were considered low if they came from an area with a state ADI ranking from 1 to 5 and were considered high if they came from an area with a state ADI ranking from 6 to 10. Results From 1/1/2017 to 12/31/2023, 21% of individuals were AV (n=36,632), 52% were IV (n=90,776), and 27% were NV (n=46,418) for seasonal influenza. Post-pandemic onset, 7% (n=3,556) of the Pre-Pandemic AV and 32% (n=16,710) of the Pre-Pandemic IV never received another influenza vaccine. In the Pandemic-Plus phase, the IV and NV had a higher likelihood of disengagement with the healthcare system [odds ratio (OR) (95% CI): 1.59 (1.55, 1.64); 4.21 (4.09, 4.33)], residing in areas of greater deprivation [1.58 (1.53, 1.62); 1.99 (1.94, 2.05)], and self-identifying their race as Black [2.29 (2.09, 2.51); 3.29 (3.01, 3.60)] compared to the AV. After adjusting for healthcare engagement and area of deprivation, dissatisfaction OR increased from 1.03 (0.99,1.07) Pre-Pandemic to 1.07 (1.03,1.12) in the Pandemic-Plus phase among IV compared to AV. Similarly, the OR of dissatisfaction rose from 1.11 (1.05, 1.18) Pre-Pandemic to 1.16 (1.09, 1.24) in the Pandemic-Plus phase among those who were NV compared to those AV. Conclusion Higher healthcare dissatisfaction was observed among those inconsistently adherent to vaccination recommendations. Targeted efforts to enhance patient satisfaction may boost vaccination rates. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Abstract Background Minocycline is a second-generation tetracycline with a broad antimicrobial spectrum. It is often used in chronic suppression of musculoskeletal infections, given activity against gram positive organisms. Efficacy of Minocycline against gram negative skin and soft tissue infection has not previously been defined. In this study, we review in vitro minocycline efficacy against isolates from skin, muscle, and bone sources.Fig 1.Organisms isolated Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all minocycline susceptibility testing performed on musculoskeletal GNB isolates performed at the Mayo Clinic reference lab between 2013-2022. We describe the isolates broken down by site of culture and organism isolated. Then, we calculated the overall susceptibility of these isolates to Minocycline and susceptibility of the most common 6 organisms isolated.Fig 2.Sites of gram negative isolation Results During the study timeframe, we identified 13,567 gram negative isolates from musculoskeletal sites. Of 330 species identified, 19 were identified in at least 100 isolates (fig 1). Of 36 unique sites, 19 sites were each identified in at least 100 isolates (fig 2). 1920 isolates were tested for susceptibility to minocycline. Of these, 1584 (82.5%) were susceptible to minocycline. Of the most common organisms identified and tested for minocycline susceptibility, 99% of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 83% of Enterobacter cloacae, 80% of Escherichia coli, 68% of Acinetobacter baumanii, 1% of Proteus mirabilis, 53% of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 65% of Serratia marcescens isolates were susceptible to minocycline (fig 3). Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were not tested, due to innate resistance.Fig 3.Minocycline susceptibility compared to key organisms Conclusion A majority of skin and soft tissue cultures positive for Gram negative isolates were below the waist line. Of these, we reported organisms most commonly found. Minocycline showed in vitro activity against some commonly isolated gram negative organisms, especially E.coli, Acinetobacter, and Stenotrophomonas. Further research is needed into the efficacy of minocycline in gram negative skin and soft tissue infections, but it may represent a viable oral option, especially in the end of life. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Abstract Background The integration of Generative AI (GAI) into healthcare systems is increasingly recognized for its potential to transform patient management. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate and quantify the performance of large language models (LLMs) in generating actionable travel medicine advice. Architectural design of the Travel Clinic LLM project. Four phases of Discovery, Design, Evaluation, and Implementation/Deployment. Methods This study utilized two iterative phases of evaluation. In the initial phase, LLMs were prompted with detailed clinical scenarios including demographic data, medical and immunization histories, and specific travel plans. These prompts were designed to mimic typical inquiries encountered in travel consultations. The LLMs' initial responses were generated using the CDC’s Yellow Book as a foundational knowledge base. In the subsequent phase, the prompts were refined for greater specificity and clarity, and the knowledge base was enhanced by transitioning to Travax’s Travelers’ Health database. Additional structured data inputs included an exhaustive list of vaccines from our pharmacy formulary and a detailed table of vaccine contraindications. The responses were evaluated and scored by ID clinicians from the Mayo Clinic. Results Initial findings after first iteration revealed limited efficacy with recall at 23.9%, an F1 score of 38.6%, accuracy also at 23.9%, and precision maintained at 100%, utilizing the CDC's Yellow Book. With the implementation of Travax and refined prompting techniques, preliminary results suggest a notable improvement in the quality of responses, though detailed scoring is presently underway. Improvements in the LLM’s performance can be attributed to several key adjustments: the adoption of a more comprehensive knowledge base, refined prompt engineering, and the incorporation of structured data to support more accurate and detailed recommendations. The collaborative engagement of Mayo Clinic with Google and Travax facilitated a synergistic approach to optimizing the AI model's utility and integration. Future plans include embedding the LLM into our EMR system. Conclusion The findings from this study highlight the significance of strategic collaborations between large healthcare centers, IT industry, and specialized knowledge database firms in effectively harnessing GAI for clinical use. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Abstract Background Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) account for 5-23% of all periprosthetic joint infections (PJI), following total knee or hip arthroplasties (TKA, THA). Literature on the management of Gram-negative PJI is limited. This study aimed to describe our experience with the presentation, management, and outcomes of Gram-negative PJI.Table 1:Baseline characteristics (N = 126 cases)Data are N (%) unless otherwise specified. Abbreviations: BMT; Bone-marrow transplant, CCI; Charlson comorbidity index, CPPD; Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition, CRP; C-reactive protein, DMARDs; Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, ESR; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, GERD; Gastroesophageal reflux disease, IQR; Inter-quartile range, PJI; prosthetic joint infection, SD; Standard deviation, TNF; Tumor necrotic factor, WBC; white blood cell Methods A retrospective review of our infected institutional total joint registry from 2012-2023 identified 125 patients with 126 GNB PJI (60 THA and 66 TKA) according to MSIS criteria for PJI. Seventy-two cases (57%) of GNB PJI in this series were classified as acute based on the duration of symptoms of less than 4 weeks. Treatment failure was defined as reoperation for any reason, persistent infection, or reinfection post-surgery. Baseline demographics, presenting symptoms, microbiological data, and treatment outcomes were reviewed.Table 2:Therapies (N = 126 joints)Data are N (%) unless otherwise specified. Abbreviations: DAIR; Debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention, IQR; Inter-quartile range Results For baseline demographics, see Table 1. Notably, 10% of patients included in the study were immunosuppressed. Fifty-five cases (43.6%) had a history of revision prior to the diagnosis of PJI, including 44 cases with history of prior PJI. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly isolated pathogen (31.7%). Wound drainage was associated with polymicrobial growth (40.8%). Debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) was utilized in 42 cases with 9.8% failure rate. History of revision arthroplasty, chronic PJI and the presence of sinus tract were associated with higher odds of reoperation within 1 year. Eighty-four cases underwent resection arthroplasty (RA), 73 had antimicrobial spacer, of those, 60 patients completed two-stage revision (TSR). At the time of reimplantation, 45/60 (75%) of cases had negative cultures (Table 2). The overall failure rate in resection group failure rate was 45.2%. Wound drainage was associated with higher odds of reoperation in this group (Table 3). The Failure rate in this cohort was 33%. Fluoroquinolones had a 90% susceptibility rate but were used infrequently for chronic suppression (25%).Table 3:Predictor factors with reoperation for any reason within 1 yearData are N (%) unless otherwise specified.Abbreviations: DAIR; Debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention, PJI; Prosthetic joint infection Conclusion Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominant pathogen in GNB PJI, with a high failure rate observed in the resection group. History of revision arthroplasty, chronic PJI, sinus tracts and wound drainage were associated with increased risk of reoperation within 1 year.Figure 1:Distribution of failure events across the study Disclosures Nicholas Bedard, MD, Stryker: Advisor/Consultant

BACKGROUND: Power-controlled radiofrequency ablation with irrigated-tip catheters has been the norm for ventricular ablation for almost 2 decades. New catheter technology has recently integrated more accurate tissue temperature sensing enabling temperature-controlled irrigated ablation. We aimed to investigate the in vivo ablation parameters and lesion formation characteristics in ventricular myocardium using a novel temperature-controlled radiofrequency catheter. METHODS: Twenty canines were divided into 3 groups: 4 noninfarcted, acute (phase I); 8 noninfarcted, chronic (phase II); and 8 infarcted, chronic (phase III). Lesions were delivered with a temperature-controlled radiofrequency system utilizing a chemical vapor deposit diamond for efficient thermal diffusivity. In phase I, 17 ablation settings were tested (temperature set points, 50/60/70 °C; ablation duration, 15/30/60/90/120 s; and power limit, 30/50 W). Four and one of these sets of parameters were further tested in phases II and III, respectively. Lesions were assessed by ex vivo contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and gross pathology 5 weeks after ablation in phases II/III. RESULTS: Across all phases, 111 ablation lesions were delivered. Ablation with the power limit of 50 W, the temperature set point of 60 °C, and the duration of 60 s produced significantly larger and deeper lesions (mean, 569.2 mm 3 ; mean maximal depth, 9.8 mm) compared with 50 W/60 °C/30 s (mean, 340.4 mm 3 ; mean maximal depth, 8.3 mm) and 50 W/50 °C/60 s (mean, 227 mm 3 ; mean maximal depth, 6.9 mm), with P <0.05 for all pairwise comparisons. Ablation of infarcted myocardium in phase III (50 W/60 °C/30 s) resulted in smaller impedance and bipolar electrogram amplitude changes and lesion size compared with ablation in normal myocardium with the same settings. No steam pop, myocardial perforation, or char formation was observed in any of the 111 ablations across all phases. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo radiofrequency ablation in a canine model with a diamond-tip temperature-controlled catheter using a temperature set point of 60 °C and a power limit of 50 W created large lesions without steam pop risk in both normal and infarcted ventricular myocardia.

INTRODUCTION: Data on the risk of post-polypectomy bleeding after endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in patients with cirrhosis are limited. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used the US Collaborative Network to assess post-polypectomy bleeding risk after colorectal EMR in patients with cirrhosis compared with controls. Using one-to-one propensity score matching, the primary outcome measured was bleeding within 30 days post-EMR. The bleeding risk was further stratified by cirrhosis severity (compensated and decompensated). RESULTS: After propensity score matching, each cohort included 2,381 patients. Patients with cirrhosis had a higher risk of post-polypectomy bleeding (odds ratio [OR] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.82, P = 0.02). However, endoscopic reinterventions for hemostasis were similar between cirrhosis and control cohorts (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.71–2.05, P = 0.50). The post-polypectomy bleeding risk was significantly higher in patients with decompensated cirrhosis (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.12–2.42, P = 0.01), while those with compensated cirrhosis showed no increased risk of post-polypectomy bleeding (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.85–1.54, P = 0.37). DISCUSSION: The post-polypectomy bleeding risk was higher in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, while the bleeding risk was not increased in those with compensated disease. Optimizing patients with cirrhosis, especially with decompensated disease, before colorectal EMR and monitoring for post-procedure bleeding remain important. A conservative, supportive approach to managing bleeding in patients with cirrhosis may be as effective as in those without cirrhosis.

The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Lung Cancer Screening provide criteria for selecting individuals for screening and offer recommendations for evaluating and managing lung nodules detected during initial and subsequent annual screening. These NCCN Guidelines Insights focus on recent updates to the NCCN Guidelines for Lung Cancer Screening.