Citations

Abstract We present a surgical video highlighting the technical pearls for C7 pedicle screw placement with respect to cervicothoracic constructs. Pedicle screw placement into C7 has been shown to enhance the biomechanical stability of both cervical and cervicothoracic constructs and is safe for patient related outcomes. 1 , 2 Rod placement across the cervicothoracic junction is known to be difficult because of the variable starting point of the C7 pedicle screw, which may cause misalignment of the polyaxial heads with respect to the C7 and C6 screw heads. Using our step-wise method of anatomic screw placement, this potential pitfall is minimized. The T1 pedicle screw is placed first. The C6 lateral mass screw starting point is displaced slightly superiorly from the midpoint of the lateral mass in order to make room for the polyaxial head of the C7 pedicle screw. A small laminotomy is performed in order to find the medial border of the C7 pedicle. Palpation of the medial border allows for an approximation of the pedicle limits. The cranial-caudal angle of drilling is perpendicular to the C7 superior facet, and the medial-lateral trajectory typically falls between 15 and 20 degrees medial. Once the pedicle is cannulated, a ball-tipped probe is used to confirm intraosseous position. A rod is cut and contoured to the appropriate length of the construct. The C7 pedicle screw should capture the rod easily with slight displacement of the polyaxial head. Postinstrumentation anteroposterior and lateral fluoroscopy are performed to confirm good position of the lateral mass and pedicle screws. Patient consent was not required for this cadaveric surgical video.

Abstract We describe the operative approach and management for thoracic metastatic disease in a 78-yr-old man with worsening mechanical lower back and left-sided thoracic radicular pain. Imaging of the thoracic spine revealed an osteolytic T11 mass with destruction of the left T11 pedicle and transverse process. Biopsy confirmed spinal metastasis from the liver. Preoperative angiogram was completed for localization of the artery of Adamkewicz and microparticle embolization of the left T11 intercostal artery. Surgical resection was supplemented with electrophysiological monitoring and neuronavigation. The corpectomy was approached by resecting the medial aspect of the rib, transverse process, and pedicle, which were all invaded with tumor. The left T11 nerve root was isolated and sacrificed to allow for placement of the expandable corpectomy cage and also resulted in sustained relief of the patient's radicular pain. The patient recovered from surgery well, with postoperative improvement of his pain. This case highlights the complex technical nuances of this procedure, and the importance of a thorough preoperative evaluation, including angiography, as proper identification of the artery of Adamkewitz can prevent severe neurological deficit from a spinal cord stroke. The patient consented to the procedure.

AbstractBackgroundPedicle screws are a preferred method for spinal fixation because of their three‐column support and rigid posterior stabilization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of patients requiring pedicle screw redirection, and to describe a technique using cone‐beam computed tomography (cbCT).MethodsA retrospective review of 30 patients undergoing revision spinal fusion with redirection of pedicle screws was performed. Fifty pedicle screws were redirected in these patients using cbCT‐based 3D image guidance. They were graded pre‐ and post‐operatively using an established grading system.ResultsNo complications occurred in this study as a result of redirection. No pedicle breach was noted in all of the redirected pedicle screws.ConclusionRedirection of misplaced pedicle screws using cbCT‐based 3D image guidance seems to be safe and accurate in our experience. Further studies are needed to establish its safety, accuracy, fusion rate, and clinical outcome compared with other methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Object Considerable biological research has been performed to aid bone healing in conjunction with lumbar fusion surgery. Iliac crest autograft is often considered the gold standard because it has the vital properties of being osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic. However, graft site pain has been widely reported as the most common donor site morbidity. Autograft site pain has led many companies to develop an abundance of bone graft extenders, which have limited proof of efficacy. During the surgical consent process, many patients ask surgeons to avoid harvesting autograft because of the reported pain complications. The authors sought to study postoperative graft site pain by simply asking patients whether they knew which iliac crest was grafted when a single skin incision was made for the fusion operation. Methods Twenty-five patients underwent iliac crest autografting with allograft reconstruction during instrumented lumbar fusion surgery. In all patients the autograft was harvested through the same skin incision but with a separate fascial incision. At various points postoperatively, the patients were asked if they could tell which iliac crest had been harvested, and if so, how much pain did it cause (10-point Numeric Rating Scale). Results Most patients (64%) could not correctly determine which iliac crest had been harvested. Of the 9 patients who correctly identified the side of the autograft, 7 were only able to guess. The 2 patients who confidently identified the side of grafting had no pain at rest and mild pain with activity. One patient who incorrectly guessed the side of autografting did have significant sacroiliac joint degenerative pain bilaterally. Conclusions Results of this study indicate the inability of patients to clearly define their graft site after iliac crest autograft harvest with allograft reconstruction of the bony defect unless they have a separate skin incision. This simple, easily reproducible pilot study can be expanded into a larger, multiinstitutional investigation to provide more definitive answers regarding the ideal, safe, and cost-effective bone graft material to be used in spinal fusions.

Spinal instrumentation has made significant advances in the last two decades, with transpedicular constructs now widely used in spinal fixation. Pedicle screw constructs are routinely used in thoracolumbar-instrumented fusions, and in recent years, the cervical spine as well. Three-column fixations with pedicle screws provide the most rigid form of posterior stabilization. Surgical landmarks and fluoroscopy have been used routinely for pedicle screw insertion, but a number of studies reveal inaccuracies in placement using these conventional techniques (ranging from 10% to 50%). The ability to combine 3D imaging with intraoperative navigation systems has improved the accuracy and safety of pedicle screw placement, especially in more complex spinal deformities. However, in the authors' experience with image guidance in more than 1500 cases, several potential pitfalls have been identified while using intraoperative spinal navigation that could lead to suboptimal results. This article summarizes the authors' experience with these various pitfalls using spinal navigation, and gives practical tips on their avoidance and management.

Object The clinical success rates of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) procedures are substantially reduced as more cervical levels are included in the fusion procedure. One method that has been proposed as an adjunctive technique for multilevel ACDF is the placement of screws across the facet joints (“transfacet screws”). However, the biomechanical stability imparted by transfacet screw placement (either unilaterally or bilaterally) has not been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the acute stability conferred by implementation of unilateral and bilateral transfacet screws to an ACDF construct. Methods Eight C2–T1 fresh-frozen human cadaveric spines (3 female and 5 male; mean age 50 years) were tested. Three different instrumentation variants were performed on cadaveric cervical spines across C4–7: 1) ACDF with an intervertebral spacer and standard plate/screw instrumentation; 2) ACDF with an intervertebral spacer and standard plate/screw instrumentation with unilateral facet screw placement; and 3) ACDF with an intervertebral spacer and standard plate/screw instrumentation with bilateral facet screw placement. Kinetic ranges of motion in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation at 1.5 Nm were captured after each of these procedures and were statistically analyzed for significance. Results All 3 fixation scenarios produced statistically significant reductions (p < 0.05) in all 3 bending planes compared with the intact condition. The addition of a unilateral facet screw to the ACDF construct produced significant reductions at the C4–5 and C6–7 levels in lateral bending and axial rotation but not in flexion-extension motion. Bilateral facet screw fixation did not produce any statistically significant decreases in flexion-extension motion compared with unilateral facet screw fixation. However, in lateral bending, significant reductions at the C4–5 and C5–6 levels were observed with the addition of a second facet screw. The untreated, adjacent levels (C2–3, C3–4, and C7–1) did not demonstrate significant differences in range of motion. Conclusions The data demonstrated that adjunctive unilateral facet screw fixation to an ACDF construct provides significant gains in stability and should be considered a potential option for increasing the likelihood for obtaining a successful arthrodesis for multilevel ACDF procedures.

Symptomatic pneumocephalus is a rare complication of degenerative lumbar spine surgery. This is a case report of a patient who developed transient diplopia associated with pneumocephalus following lumbar spine surgery complicated by a dural tear. The diplopia improved as the pneumocephalus resolved. Factors involved in the development of pneumocephalus include an unintended durotomy and intraoperative reverse Trendelenburg positioning that was utilized to decrease the risk of postoperative vision loss. When encountering cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage intraoperatively, spine surgeons should level the operating table until closure of the dural defect to prevent potential complications associated with pneumocephalus. If postoperative patients complain of severe headaches or display a focal cranial neurologic deficit, then a computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain should be ordered and evaluated. Consulting neurologists should be aware of the circumstances surrounding this rare complication.

Object Surgeon and operating room (OR) staff radiation exposure during spinal surgery is a concern, especially with the increasing use of multiplanar fluoroscopy in minimally invasive spinal surgery procedures. Cone beam computed tomography (cbCT)–based, 3D image guidance does not involve the use of active fluoroscopy during instrumentation placement and therefore decreases radiation exposure for the surgeon and OR staff during spinal fusion procedures. However, the radiation scatter of a cbCT device can be similar to that of a standard 64-slice CT scanner and thus could expose the surgeon and OR staff to radiation during image acquisition. The purpose of the present study was to measure radiation exposure at several unshielded locations in the OR when using cbCT in conjunction with 3D image-guided spinal surgery in 25 spinal surgery cases. Methods Five unshielded badge dosimeters were placed at set locations in the OR during 25 spinal surgery cases in which cbCT-based, 3D image guidance was used. The cbCT device (O-ARM) was used in conjunction with the Stealth S7 image-guided platform. The radiology department analyzed the badge dosimeters after completion of the last case. Results Fifty high-definition O-ARM spins were performed in 25 patients for spinal registration and to check instrumentation placement. Image-guided placement of 124 screws from C-2 to the ileum was accomplished without complication. Badge dosimetry analysis revealed minimal radiation exposure for the badges 6 feet from the gantry in the area of the anesthesiology equipment, as well as for the badges located 10–13 feet from the gantry on each side of the room (mean 0.7–3.6 mrem/spin). The greatest radiation exposure occurred on the badge attached to the OR table within the gantry (mean 176.9 mrem/spin), as well as on the control panel adjacent to the gantry (mean 128.0 mrem/spin). Conclusions Radiation scatter from the O-ARM was minimal at various distances outside of and not adjacent to the gantry. Although the average radiation exposure at these locations was low, an earlier study, undertaken in a similar fashion, revealed no radiation exposure when the surgeon stood behind a lead shield. This simple precaution can eliminate the small amount of radiation exposure to OR staff in cases in which the O-ARM is used.