Mullon, John J.

Abstract Rational: Talc pleurodesis is an effective intervention for preventing recurrent pleural effusions and pneumothoraces, particularly in non-surgical candidates. Due to its efficacy and safety, it is recommended as the most effective sclerosant for pleurodesis. However, in some cases, the initial pleurodesis fails, necessitating a repeat procedure. The efficacy of repeat talc pleurodesis after an initial failure is an area that requires further exploration. This study explores the safety and efficacy of repeat talc pleurodesis among patients who did not respond to the initial intervention. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed hospitalized patients who underwent 4g talc slurry pleurodesis from 2019 to 2024, focusing on demographics, comorbidities, initial pleurodesis failure, and recurrence rates. Pleurodesis failure was identified by lung sliding, recurrent effusion, or pneumothorax during the same hospitalization. The primary outcome was recurrence post-discharge, assessed by pleural effusion or pneumothorax within 180 days post-repeat pleurodesis. Results: This study included 94 patients (52.1% male, 47.9% female) with a mean age of 67.6. Among them, 79 (84%) received a single 4g dose of talc, while 15 (16%) received multiple 4g talc doses for initial pleurodesis. Recurrence occurred in 20 (25.3%) of the single-dose group and 1 (6.7%) of the multiple-dose group within 180 days, though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.112). Recurrence-free rates were 93.6% at 30 days, 85.1% at 90 days, and 77.7% at 180 days. Of the 20 patients with recurrence after a single 4g dose of talc, 8 (40%) underwent repeat pleurodesis, with only one recurrence requiring surgical intervention. Additionally, there was no recurrence after repeat talc pleurodesis in the one patient with recurrence after receiving multiple 4g talc doses for initial pleurodesis. No associations were found between recurrence rates and factors like gender (p=0.213) or comorbidities (emphysema, COPD, lung malignancy). Chest pain was a common complaint, but no cases of respiratory distress were reported post-pleurodesis. Conclusion: The efficacy of initial talc pleurodesis (77.7%-93.6%) in this cohort aligns with existing literature. Multiple-dose talc pleurodesis effectively prevented recurrence in 93.3% of patients, with no reported respiratory distress. Additionally, repeat talc pleurodesis was successful in 87.5% of those with recurrence after an initial single 4g dose. These findings support multiple-dose talc pleurodesis and repeat talc pleurodesis as safe and effective options for preventing recurrence post-initial failure and post-repeat talc pleurodesis, respectively. Although no significant recurrence predictors were identified, future research could focus on patient-specific factors to enhance treatment selection and optimize outcomes.

Abstract Rationale: Airway-stenosing disease is a significant clinical problem in multiple populations. While the immediate endoscopic and clinical response to bronchoscopic interventions are high, rates of clinically significant recurrence are elevated, and often require multiple and frequent reinterventions. Newer strategies to prevent recurrence of central and proximal airway stenosis are needed. Methods: Retrospective review of bronchoscopic balloon bronchoplasties performed at the Mayo Clinic utilizing paclitaxel coated balloons (PCB) in 2023-2024 for recurrent airway stenosis. IN.PACT Admiral and AV balloons (sizes 5-12 mm, 3.5 mcg/mm2 paclitaxel dose) were used with an inflation time of 2-3 minutes. Procedural success was defined as <50% airway stenosis or resolution of the procedural indication. Reintervention was considered only if a therapeutic bronchoscopy was subsequently required to address the same lesion treated with PCB. Only patients with follow-ups >90 days were included in the reintervention inter-procedural time analysis. Results: Thirty-three procedures were performed in 18 patients. Seventeen (51%) for lung transplantation-associated stenosis (29% anastomotic/perianastomotic, 76% lobar and segmental stenoses), 8 (24%) for granulomatous polyangiitis-associated stenosis, 3 for postintubation tracheal stenosis and 2 for chemical/pill injury. Eighteen cases (54%) utilized an additional dilation modality (12 non-coated balloon dilation, 4 rigid dilation), 5 spray cryotherapy, 6 other ablative therapies (4 CO2-laser, 2 electrocautery cuts), and 6 received an airway stent during the same procedure. 57% percent of interventions occurred in the lobar, 27% mainstem/bronchus intermedius, 9% tracheal, 7% segmental airways. Thirty-one (93%) cases had a satisfactory initial endoscopic result. The median number of bronchoscopic therapeutic interventions required before the use pf PCB was 5 (IQR 2.5-11.5), which significantly decreased to 0.1 (IQR 0-1, range 0-9) after PCB (p <0.001). The reintervention-free survival significantly increased after PCB dilation from a median 35 days (IQR 28.7-80.5) to 132 days (IQR 64-197; p=0.004). Twenty-one cases required subsequent bronchoscopies, sixteen (76%) of which demonstrated improvement in lesion severity when compared to the results of prior interventions. Only 16 (48%) required therapeutically addressing the same lesion. Only 2 minor complications occurred (6%, self-limited bleeding and unplanned admission), none related to paclitaxel use. Six-month mortality was 3% from an unrelated cause. Conclusions: The locoregional antiproliferative effects of paclitaxel show promise in preventing recurrence, minimizing the need for repeat procedures, and extending intervals between interventions in patients with recurrent, predominantly benign airway stenosis. Its use is feasible, safe, and future research is warranted, particularly comparing PCB with the currently available strategies.

Background: CO2 Laser (CO2L) technology deployable through flexible endoscopes now allows for their use throughout the airway, although published data are limited. Methods: Retrospective analysis of CO2L bronchoscopic procedures, excluding glottic and subglottic interventions. Procedural success was defined as >50% visual reduction in airway obstruction in the area treated or resolution of the procedural indication. Results: Seventy-two procedures were performed on 36 patients. Nonmalignant indications comprised 66%: stent-associated granulation tissue (28%), granulomatosis with polyangiitis lesions (23%), and lung transplant-related granulation tissue (16%) were the most common. Bronchoscopic access was flexible only in 81% and primarily rigid (combined with flexible) in 18%. The site of intervention was the trachea at 19%, the mainstem at 56%, and lobar/segmental airways at 45%. Procedural success was 89%. CO2L was used exclusively in 19%; in 81%, additional techniques were required, most commonly balloon dilation (59%), cryo-debulking (23%), and rigid dilation (16%). Malignant indications had a nonsignificant trend toward requiring adjuvant techniques (P=0.05). Seventy-six percent of the patients required more than 1 procedure. CO2L exclusive cases had no statistically different needs for subsequent therapeutic bronchoscopies (P=0.10) or time to reintervention (109 vs. 41 days, P=0.07), and reintervention-free survival was similar (P=0.10) and difficult to predict. The complication rate attributable to CO2L was 2.7%. Conclusion: CO2L is a safe and useful tool when precise cutting and vaporization are desired. Its use in multi-modality approaches has high levels of success in adequately selected lesions, adding an ablative potential to dilation techniques. Vasculitis-associated scars/webs and granulation tissue (including stent-associated) appear to be ideal targets.

Abstract Interventional pulmonology (IP) fellowship training has undergone increased popularity and growth. The Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education recently recognized IP medicine as a new subspecialty, which leads to new challenges and opportunities for a young subspecialty. Although the specialty-specific requirements are in progress, IP fellowship programs must plan ahead for the known common program requirements and anticipated accreditation process. The educational leadership in IP must identify and execute solutions to sustain continued excellence. This includes transitioning to a new regulatory environment with issues of funding new fellowships, keeping up to date with training/assessment of new procedures, and shaping the future through recruitment of talent to lead the young subspecialty.

Background: Prescription opioids are a major cause of the opioid epidemic. Despite the minimally invasive nature of medical thoracoscopy (MT), data on the efficacy of non-opioid-based pain control after MT is lacking. The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility and efficacy of a non-opioid-based pain management strategy in patients who underwent MT. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent MT in the Mayo Clinic (Minnesota and Arizona) outpatient setting. We assessed their pain level and the need for analgesia post-MT from August 1, 2019, to May 24, 2021. Results: Forty patients were included. In the first 24 hours, 5/40 (12.5%) reported no pain. Twenty-eight patients out of 40 (70%) reported minor pain (pain scale 1-3), and 7/40 (17.5%) reported moderate pain (pain scale 4-6). No patients reported severe pain. Twenty-two out of 35 patients who experienced discomfort (63%) required acetaminophen, 6/35 patients (17%) required nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and 7/35 patients (20%) did not require analgesia. Of the 7 patients who had moderate pain, 5 (71%) reported that the moderate pain improved to mild at 72 hours post-MT. Zero patients required opioids, and none reported contacting any provider to manage the pain post-MT. Fourteen patients (78%) who had both parietal pleural biopsies and tunneled pleural catheter placed reported minor pain, 3 patients (17%) reported moderate pain, and 1 patient (6%) experienced no discomfort. Conclusion: MT is well-tolerated by patients with non-opioid-based pain management strategy as needed if there is no absolute contraindication.