Sokumbi, Olayemi

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere is a known association between common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and granulomas in multiple organ systems, including the skin, lung, liver, and spleen. Rubella virus has also been detected within cutaneous granulomas in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. We present a retrospective case series of patients with CVID and granulomatous skin disease and describe the spectrum of clinical and histopathologic features, including the status of rubella virus in the cutaneous granulomas.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the clinical and histopathological characteristics of patients diagnosed with CVID at our institution, with cutaneous findings and skin biopsies available for review between 1990 and 2023, demonstrating granulomatous inflammation.ResultsEight patients met the inclusion criteria. The most common histopathologic pattern was palisaded granulomatous inflammation, seen in five of eight cases. Three cases showed strictly sarcoidal granulomas. Background inflammation was peri‐granulomatous (8/8) and the predominant background inflammatory cell type was lymphocytic (6/8). Rubella virus testing was performed for seven of eight cases and found to be positive in one case.ConclusionCutaneous granulomatous disease in CVID can present with a spectrum of clinical morphologies, granulomatous patterns, and variable rubella virus persistence. Dermatopathologists should be aware of the spectrum of findings when considering cutaneous CVID–related granulomatous disease in the differential diagnosis.

Background: Cutaneous collagenous vasculopathy (CCV) is a rare acquired microangiopathy that commonly affects middle-aged, fair-skinned individuals. It presents with telangiectatic lesions involving the lower extremities. Histologic analysis is mandatory for diagnosis. Objectives: To describe and characterize the patients diagnosed with CCV at the Mayo Clinic. Methods: A multicenter retrospective observational analysis was performed on patients with a clinical and histological diagnosis of CCV at the Mayo Clinic in Florida, Arizona, and Rochester from January 2000 to October 2023. Results: The study included 34 patients, 22 (64.7%) females. The median age at diagnosis was 52 years (range, 12-80 years). CCV lesions were found to affect the lower extremities in 29 (85.3%) patients, followed by the trunk in 14 (41.2%). Nineteen (55.9%) patients presented 1 concomitant medical condition, 8 (23.5%) 2 conditions, and 5 (14.7%) 3 or more medical conditions, such as arterial hypertension 10 (29.4%), type 2 diabetes mellitus 3 (8.8%), hyperlipidemia 3 (8.8%), cardiac disease 3 (8.8%), and hematologic malignancy 3 (8.8%). Thirty-one patients (91.2%) were taking medications, with 19 (55.9%) taking 3 or more. Pathology staining revealed periodic acid-Schiff positivity in 23 of 34 cases (67.6%), and collagen IV in 26 of 34 cases (47.1%). Treatments included pulsed dye laser 3 (8.8%) and topical sirolimus 1 (2.9%). Conclusions: CCV is an uncommon microangiopathy that affects pediatric, middle-aged, and elderly patients. It involves the lower extremities, trunk, and upper extremities. Patients often present with associated metabolic and cardiovascular conditions and are usually taking at least 1 medication. Treatment options are limited.

This case series includes patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) who underwent solid organ transplant with subsequent transplant-related immunosuppression. Most patients in this case series experienced improvement of their HS following the initiation of transplant immunosuppressive treatment, particularly with the majority on tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil.

AbstractHistiocytoid Sweet syndrome (H‐SS) is a histopathological variant of Sweet syndrome (SS) defined by cutaneous infiltration of immature myeloid cells morphologically resembling histiocytes. The association of H‐SS with underlying malignancy, particularly myelodysplastic syndromes, is well‐established. Myelodysplasia cutis (MDS‐cutis) has been proposed to describe cases historically diagnosed as H‐SS but characterized by shared clonality of the myeloid infiltrate in skin and bone marrow. Therefore, identifying patients who might have MDS‐cutis is critical for the management of the associated hematologic malignancy. VEXAS syndrome, an adult‐onset autoinflammatory disease, should also be included in the histopathologic differential diagnosis of H‐SS, as it shares clinical and pathologic features with MDS‐cutis. Through the presentation of two cases, we aim to highlight the defining features and key clinical implications of MDS‐cutis and VEXAS syndrome.

AbstractChimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy has demonstrated remarkable success in treating various B‐cell malignancies, redirecting T‐cell cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. Despite its efficacy, CAR‐T therapy is associated with potential risks, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and cytopenia. We present a case of a 69‐year‐old man with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma treated with axicabtagene‐ciloleucel CAR‐T therapy, who developed a rare and severe cutaneous toxicity resembling toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). The patient exhibited persistent fevers, CRS, and subsequent development of a widespread erythematous macular eruption, progressing to vesiculation with bullae. Notably, allopurinol‐induced TEN was considered with the patient's recent exposure to allopurinol, although the onset and minimal mucosal involvement did not align with typical presentations of allopurinol‐induced cases. The cutaneous reaction, distinct from typical SJS/TEN, showed minimal mucosal involvement and coincided with the cytokine release storm, differing from allopurinol‐induced TEN. Despite the absence of guidelines, the patient was managed with systemic steroids, achieving significant improvement. This case expands the spectrum of CAR‐T therapy‐related cutaneous toxicities, highlighting the need for early recognition of histopathology and tailored management by dermatologists. Further understanding of these reactions is crucial for optimizing the safety profile of this groundbreaking immunotherapy.

AbstractAn 11‐year‐old female was referred from an outside institution after a diagnostic biopsy and subsequent excision of a progressively enlarging reddish‐brown nodule demonstrated features concerning for a balloon cell nevus with severe atypia versus a high‐grade melanocytoma. Upon review of the initial biopsy specimen and molecular data, we favored the diagnosis to be consistent with a high‐grade melanocytoma with balloon cell changes while considering the possibility of balloon cell melanoma due to concerning histopathologic and genetic abnormalities. In this case study, we discuss critical diagnostic considerations in this rare pediatric case and highlight important pathologic and clinical features of melanocytomas and balloon cell melanoma.

AbstractBackgroundTechnology has revolutionized not only direct patient care but also diagnostic care processes. This study evaluates the transition from glass‐slide microscopy to digital pathology (DP) at a multisite academic institution, using mixed methods to understand user perceptions of digitization and key productivity metrics of practice change.MethodsParticipants included dermatopathologists, pathology reporting specialists, and clinicians. Electronic surveys and individual or group interviews included questions related to technology comfort, trust in DP, and rationale for DP adoption. Case volumes and turnaround times were abstracted from the electronic health record from Qtr 4 2020 to Qtr 1 2023 (inclusive). Data were analyzed descriptively, while interviews were analyzed using methods of content analysis.ResultsThirty‐four staff completed surveys and 22 participated in an interview. Case volumes and diagnostic turnaround time did not differ across the institution during or after implementation timelines (p = 0.084; p = 0.133, respectively). 82.5% (28/34) of staff agreed that DP improved the sign‐out experience, with accessibility, ergonomics, and annotation features described as key factors. Clinicians reported positive perspectives of DP impact on patient safety and interdisciplinary collaboration.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that DP has a high acceptance rate, does not adversely impact productivity, and may improve patient safety and care collaboration.