Vardar, Ufuk

ABSTRACT Background Transvenous lead extraction (TLE) is a commonly performed and generally safe procedure, though procedural complexity and risk can vary based on clinical and procedural factors. Objective This study aims to identify clinical and procedural factors associated with histologic evidence of subclinical vascular injury, defined by elastin positivity on extracted leads and its clinical significance. Methods Patients undergoing TLE with a lead dwell time of ≥ 1 year were included. Extracted leads with tissue were analyzed histologically using Verhoeff–Van Gieson staining to assess the presence of elastin. Demographic data, procedural and lead characteristics, and indication for extraction were obtained. Established extraction risk scores were calculated to determine efficacy in predicting subclinical vascular injury. Results The cohort included 49 patients with 92 leads extracted. A total of 25 patients (51%) had elastin‐positive leads. Complete procedural success occurred in 95.9% of cases. The multivariate regression model did not identify any independent predictors of elastin presence, including age (OR = 1.00; 95% CI 0.95–1.05; p = 0.89), female gender (OR = 3.04; 95% CI 0.67–13.65; p = 0.14), lead dwell time (OR = 1.13; 95% CI 0.98–1.29; p = 0.07). Additionally, no scoring system, such as the CCF, EROS, MB, SAFeTY, and LECOM, predicted the presence of elastin. Conclusion Subclinical venous injury was common following TLE, yet did not predict adverse clinical outcomes, reinforcing that TLE performed in experienced centers carries a favorable safety profile. Future studies in larger cohorts are needed to further characterize the clinical utility of subclinical vascular injury.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED)-associated infective endocarditis with large vegetations carries substantial morbidity and a high risk of embolization during transvenous lead extraction (TLE). Purpose To evaluate procedural outcomes, microbiological clearance, and embolic risk in patients undergoing percutaneous aspiration of vegetations in the setting of CIED-associated infective endocarditis prior to TLE. Methods Between January 2023 and October 2025, patients with confirmed CIED-associated infective endocarditis and echocardiographic evidence of vegetations on transvenous leads or cardiac valves were included. Mechanical aspiration was performed at the operator’s discretion for vegetation size > 20 mm, multiple vegetations, prior or potential embolization risk, or ongoing sepsis. All patients underwent percutaneous aspiration using the AngioVac or Penumbra system, followed by TLE either during the same session or in a staged procedure. Baseline clinical characteristics, microbiologic data, procedural details, and outcomes were reviewed. Results Our cohort comprised five patients (60% male) with a median age of 56.8 years (IQR 49.4–66.1). Median lead dwell time was 6.1 years (IQR 3.9–14.8). Median vegetation size was 12.5 mm (IQR 8–17). Two patients had prior septic pulmonary emboli. Microbiology identified Staphylococcus aureus in 2, Streptococcus spp. in 2, and Salmonella spp. in 1. The tricuspid valve and lead were involved in 4 patients, the mitral valve in 2, and the aortic valve in 1. The AngioVac system was used in 4 cases and Penumbra in 1. Successful aspiration (≥70% reduction in vegetation size of the targeted valve) was achieved in all cases. Two patients underwent staged extraction and three underwent concomitant TLE with complete removal of the transvenous system. A total of 8 leads were extracted (median 1, IQR 1–2.5); 4 patients had ICD leads, 2 with dual coil. No clinically significant embolic events occurred during the procedures. Among two patients with persistent infection, blood cultures cleared within 24 hours in one and 96 hours in the other. There were no major procedural complications or in-hospital or 30-day mortality. One patient with multivalvular involvement (aortic, mitral, tricuspid) subsequently underwent valve replacement surgery after blood cultures became sterile post-aspiration and TLE. Conclusion Percutaneous mechanical aspiration of vegetations prior to TLE was feasible and safe, resulting in effective microbiological clearance without periprocedural embolic events or major complications. This approach provides a viable alternative to surgical extraction in selected high-risk patients with large vegetations and device-related infective endocarditis and helps control sepsis.TEE images of the TV vegetationMacroscopic image of the vegetation