Allababidi, Adel Kabbara

Abstract Context Central precocious puberty (CPP). Objective To summarize the available supporting evidence for the Endocrine Society guidelines about the management of CPP. Methods Multiple databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus) were searched to identify studies that addressed the Endocrine Society Guideline Development Panel's 10 clinical questions. Identified studies were selected and appraised, and data were extracted by pairs of independent trained reviewers. Results The systematic review yielded 3796 citations, of which 32 citations were included. The systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate that in children with CPP, with no central nervous system symptoms, the rate of magnetic resonance imaging identification of pathogenic lesions (ie, hamartomas and brain tumors) was 6% (35 noncomparative studies with 5541 children with CPP). For girls with idiopathic CPP, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment was associated with +2.7 cm adult height gain compared to those who did not receive treatment (21 comparative observational studies with 1835 girls [mean age 8.20 ± 1.08 years]). The review did not identify any studies that assessed the clinical questions on: benefits of additional evaluation in cases of early thelarche, differentiation of slowly vs rapidly progressing CPP, order of biochemical testing to establish and monitor the diagnosis of CPP, genetic testing for individuals diagnosed with CPP, and chronological age and/or bone age for discontinuation of GnRHa treatment. Conclusion This systematic review addresses various aspects of CPP evaluation and treatment of CPP and will support the development of the Endocrine Society guidelines.

Objectives To describe the incidence, presentation and long-term health outcomes of suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STBs) in children aged 12 years or under. Methods This population-based study included children identified through the Rochester Epidemiology Project who presented between 2005 and 2023 with STBs across primary, secondary and tertiary care centres in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA. Information related to the patient and family characteristics, presentation, prior history and outcomes was manually extracted by two independent researchers. Patients were excluded if the index visit note could not be located, the patient had no suicidal ideation, attempts, intent or plan, was older than 12 years 11 months at the index date, less than 2 years old or was a duplicate entry. Results The average annual population was 28,035 children, of which 637 presented with STBs (mean (SD) age, 10.6 (1.7) years; 51.2% girls, 76.3% White, average follow-up 7 years). The majority of the cases presented to the emergency department (ED) 491 (77.1%). The annual incidence per 100,000 person-years tripled from 68.8 in 2005 to 208.6 in 2023. Overall, 105 patients (16.5%) presented with a suicidal attempt. There were no cases of death by suicide. A prior psychiatric diagnosis was present in 454 (71.3%). STB events were preceded by a precipitating event in 471 (73.9%), the most common of which was an argument with a parent, followed by a bullying event and family distress. A specific suicide plan was reported by 328 (51.5%) with laceration reported most frequently, followed by hanging and overdose. Significant predictors of a suicide attempt were previous use of mood stabilisers (OR 3.21; 95% CI 1.24 to 7.97) and having a specific plan (OR 2.73; 95% CI 1.72 to 4.41). Children who had suicidal attempts had more subsequent ED visits (3.50 vs 2.58; p=0.009) and hospitalisations for psychiatric reasons (1.90 vs 1.30; p=0.003) and psychiatric hospitalisation days (12.70 vs 9.04; p=0.048). Subsequent suicide attempts occurred in 31% of the cohort during follow-up. Conclusion STBs in preadolescent children are rare but are increasing in incidence. Such children have significant psychological diagnoses, use of mental health services, and subsequent suicide attempts. Novel age-appropriate interventions are needed.

Objective: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the agreement rate on judgments made using the Murad tool by different systematic review teams. Introduction: Evaluating the methodological quality of case reports and case series is challenging but some tools do exist for this purpose. We leveraged the presence of studies that have been evaluated by different systematic review teams to assess the inter-consensus agreement among different teams on Murad tool domains. Methods: Using a back-citation method, we identified systematic reviews that used the Murad tool and retrieved all the included primary studies. We selected studies that were assessed by more than 1 systematic review team. We calculated observed agreement and Gwet’s agreement coefficient on judgments made about each signaling question. Results: We identified 982 systematic reviews that cited the Murad tool and collectively cited 59,080 references. The final data comprised of 81 duplicated case reports and series assessed by more than 1 systematic review team. Overall, the signaling questions had very high observed agreement with 5 of the 8 questions having agreement over 75%. The signaling questions with the highest agreement addressed the adequacy of the ascertainment of the exposure (coefficient 0.959), ascertainment of the outcome (coefficient 0.829), presence of a dose-response gradient (perfect agreement), and clarity of reporting (coefficient 0.755). Conclusion: The current study demonstrates overall high agreement among different systematic review teams that used the Murad tool for appraisal of the same case series and case reports. Leveraging duplicated studies across systematic reviews is a feasible way to retrospectively assess the reliability of the tool.

Background and Aims: With rapid changes in the management landscape of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), this technical systematic review addresses 4 critical Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome (PICO) questions to provide guidance to the formulation of recommendations to the 2025 AASLD practice guideline for management of CHB. Approach: The review was reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Outcomes were evaluated across 4 key PICOs: (1) antiviral therapy for prevention of horizontal HBV transmission in high-risk groups, (2) antiviral therapy versus observation for persons in the immune-tolerant phase, (3) discontinuation versus continuation of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in HBeAg-negative individuals with undetectable HBV DNA, and (4) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance in non-cirrhotic individuals with HBsAg clearance or co-infections with HCV, HDV, or HIV. Results: For PICO 1, limited evidence suggests antiviral therapy may reduce horizontal transmission risk, though with low certainty. PICO 2 analyses reveal uncertain benefits of treating persons in the immune-tolerant phase, with very low certainty due to heterogeneity and bias. PICO 3 analyses demonstrate that discontinuing antiviral therapy in persons who are HBeAg negative with undetectable HBV DNA increases HBsAg loss rates (OR: 12.65, 95% CI: 1.58–101.51) but carries moderate risks of virologic relapse (OR: 47.17, 95% CI: 2.79–797.35) and clinical flares. PICO 4 analyses on several cohort studies showed that in patients co-infected with HCV, HBV, or HIV, the annual incidence of HCC was higher than the level where screening becomes cost-effective, suggesting that regular liver cancer screening could be beneficial for these patients. Conclusions: Despite low certainty, the findings support shared decision-making in high-risk horizontal transmission scenarios or in treating individuals in the immune tolerance phase, caution in discontinuing antiviral therapy in virologically suppressed individuals without HBsAg loss, and tailored HCC surveillance for those with co-infection or cirrhosis.

Abstract Context Women with preexisting diabetes mellitus (PDM) are at increased risk of pregnancy-related complications. Objective To summarize the available supporting evidence for the Endocrine Society guidelines about management of PDM in pregnancy. Data Sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and other sources through February 2025. Study Selection Studies were selected by pairs of independent reviewers. Data Extraction Data were extracted by pairs of independent reviewers. Data Synthesis We included 17 studies. Meta-analysis showed no significant difference between hybrid closed-loop insulin pump (HCL) and standard of care regarding time in range (TIR), time above range (TAR), and time below range (TBR). HCL had better overnight TIR and TBR. For women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), intermittent use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was not associated with a significant change in the risk of large for gestational age (LGA) neonates (2 randomized controlled trials [RCTs], 102 patients). Adding metformin to insulin was associated with a lower risk of LGA (2 RCTs, 1126 patients). Three retrospective studies (1724 patients) suggested increased neonatal complications when delivery was induced before 39 weeks of gestation (particularly before 38 weeks) in women with preexisting type 1 (T1DM) and T2DM, although this evidence was subject to likely confounding. One retrospective study showed no increase in neonatal complications with periconceptional exposure to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. We could not identify comparative studies assessing a screening question about the possibility of pregnancy or a carbohydrate restrictive diet. Conclusion This systematic review addresses various aspects of managing PDM in pregnancy and will support the development of the Endocrine Society guidelines.