Song, Kenan

Abstract With the rapid advancements in large language model technology and the emergence of bioinformatics‐specific language models (BioLMs), there is a growing need for a comprehensive analysis of the current landscape, computational characteristics, and diverse applications. This survey aims to address this need by providing a thorough review of BioLMs, focusing on their evolution, classification, and distinguishing features, alongside a detailed examination of training methodologies, datasets, and evaluation frameworks. We explore the wide‐ranging applications of BioLMs in critical areas such as disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and vaccine development, highlighting their impact and transformative potential in bioinformatics. We identify key challenges and limitations inherent in BioLMs, including data privacy and security concerns, interpretability issues, biases in training data and model outputs, and domain adaptation complexities. Finally, we highlight emerging trends and future directions, offering valuable insights to guide researchers and clinicians toward advancing BioLMs for increasingly sophisticated biological and clinical applications.

Our polyvinyl alcohol feedstock was prepared through carbic anhydride functionalization, UV curing during direct ink writing, and base treatment. The scaffold exhibited mechanical properties similar to pelvic floor tissue.

Abstract 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, holds immense potential for rapid prototyping and customized production of functional health‐related devices. With advancements in polymer chemistry and biomedical engineering, polymeric biomaterials have become integral to 3D‐printed biomedical applications. However, there still exists a bottleneck in the compatibility of polymeric biomaterials with different 3D printing methods, as well as intrinsic challenges such as limited printing resolution and rates. Therefore, this review aims to introduce the current state‐of‐the‐art in 3D‐printed functional polymeric health‐related devices. It begins with an overview of the landscape of 3D printing techniques, followed by an examination of commonly used polymeric biomaterials. Subsequently, examples of 3D‐printed biomedical devices are provided and classified into categories such as biosensors, bioactuators, soft robotics, energy storage systems, self‐powered devices, and data science in bioplotting. The emphasis is on exploring the current capabilities of 3D printing in manufacturing polymeric biomaterials into desired geometries that facilitate device functionality and studying the reasons for material choice. Finally, an outlook with challenges and possible improvements in the near future is presented, projecting the contribution of general 3D printing and polymeric biomaterials in the field of healthcare.

As a treatment for the widely spread cardiovascular diseases (CVD), bypass vascular grafts have room for improvement in terms of mechanical property match with native arteries. A 3D‐printed nozzle is presented, featuring unique internal structures, to extrude artificial vascular grafts with a flower‐mimicking geometry. The multilayer‐structured graft wall allows the inner and outer layers to interfere sequentially during lateral expansion, replicating the nonlinear elasticity of native vessels. Both experiment and simulation results verify the necessity and benefit of the flower‐mimicking structure in obtaining the self‐toughening behavior. The gelation study of natural polymers and the utilization of sacrificial phase enables the smooth extrusion of the multiphase conduit, where computer‐assisted image analysis is employed to quantify manufacturing fidelity. The cell viability tests demonstrate the cytocompatibility of the gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/sodium alginate grafts, suggesting potential for further clinical research with further developments. This study presents a feasible approach for fabricating bypass vascular grafts and inspires future treatments for CVD.

AbstractNanoparticles form long‐range micropatterns via self‐assembly or directed self‐assembly with superior mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic, chemical, and other functional properties for broad applications, such as structural supports, thermal exchangers, optoelectronics, microelectronics, and robotics. The precisely defined particle assembly at the nanoscale with simultaneously scalable patterning at the microscale is indispensable for enabling functionality and improving the performance of devices. This article provides a comprehensive review of nanoparticle assembly formed primarily via the balance of forces at the nanoscale (e.g., van der Waals, colloidal, capillary, convection, and chemical forces) and nanoparticle‐template interactions (e.g., physical confinement, chemical functionalization, additive layer‐upon‐layer). The review commences with a general overview of nanoparticle self‐assembly, with the state‐of‐the‐art literature review and motivation. It subsequently reviews the recent progress in nanoparticle assembly without the presence of surface templates. Manufacturing techniques for surface template fabrication and their influence on nanoparticle assembly efficiency and effectiveness are then explored. The primary focus is the spatial organization and orientational preference of nanoparticles on non‐templated and pre‐templated surfaces in a controlled manner. Moreover, the article discusses broad applications of micropatterned surfaces, encompassing various fields. Finally, the review concludes with a summary of manufacturing methods, their limitations, and future trends in nanoparticle assembly.

AbstractPelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a dysfunction that affects a large proportion of women. Current support scaffolds’ lack of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical compliance are associated with surgical complications including erosion and pain, indicating the urgent need for new tissue scaffolds with customizable functions. A new material that uses polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the main ingredient and is chemically tuned to possess suitable mechanical properties and degradation rates for the surgical treatment of POP is developed. Specifically, the thiol‐norbornene “click” chemistry enables the sol‐gel transition of the biomaterial under UV‐light without side‐products. Meanwhile, NaOH treatment further toughens the hydrogel with a higher crosslink density. The PVA‐based biocompatible ink can be printed with UV‐facilitated direct ink writing due to the rapidly UV‐initiated chemical crosslink; in situ image analysis and machine learning methods are applied during this procedure to quantify and improve the printing quality. The cell viability results demonstrate the biocompatibility of the POP scaffolds, suggesting the potential for future animal studies and the possibility of clinical research. This study bridges polymer chemistry and manufacturing engineering with a specific tissue engineering application to solve the common disorder of POP, shedding light on individualized medicine and intelligent systems for biomedical engineering.

Abstract3D printing (additive manufacturing (AM)) has enormous potential for rapid tooling and mass production due to its design flexibility and significant reduction of the timeline from design to manufacturing. The current state‐of‐the‐art in 3D printing focuses on material manufacturability and engineering applications. However, there still exists the bottleneck of low printing resolution and processing rates, especially when nanomaterials need tailorable orders at different scales. An interesting phenomenon is the preferential alignment of nanoparticles that enhance material properties. Therefore, this review emphasizes the landscape of nanoparticle alignment in the context of 3D printing. Herein, a brief overview of 3D printing is provided, followed by a comprehensive summary of the 3D printing‐enabled nanoparticle alignment in well‐established and in‐house customized 3D printing mechanisms that can lead to selective deposition and preferential orientation of nanoparticles. Subsequently, it is listed that typical applications that utilized the properties of ordered nanoparticles (e.g., structural composites, heat conductors, chemo‐resistive sensors, engineered surfaces, tissue scaffolds, and actuators based on structural and functional property improvement). This review's emphasis is on the particle alignment methodology and the performance of composites incorporating aligned nanoparticles. In the end, significant limitations of current 3D printing techniques are identified together with future perspectives.