Lee, Alexander

Abstract Rationale Exertional dyspnea in children presents a complex diagnostic challenge, often requiring multiple evaluations to uncover underlying etiologies. Exercise testing is the standard for diagnosing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in children but requires significant resources. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a marker of airway inflammation, has been proposed as an easier alternative to predict the need for exercise testing. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) as a non-invasive marker of bronchial hyperreactivity in pediatric patients with exertional dyspnea, by assessing its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values in comparison to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), the gold standard for diagnosing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). This study seeks to determine whether FeNO can reliably guide the need for CPET, potentially streamlining the diagnostic process in children with suspected EIB, while also identifying any limitations of FeNO as a standalone diagnostic tool. Methods In this retrospective study, we reviewed pediatric patients up to 18 years of age who presented with unexplained dyspnea and underwent both CPET and FeNO testing from July 2020 to February 2023. A post-exercise decline in FEV1% of ≥10% during CPET defined a positive result for EIB. For FeNO, a threshold of ≥25 parts per billion (ppb) was considered indicative of bronchial hyperreactivity. Diagnostic agreement between FeNO and CPET was analyzed using a 2x2 table, with CPET as the reference standard. Results Among 98 patients who completed CPET, the cohort had a mean age of 14 years (SD ± 2.42), mean BMI of 22.2 kg/m² (SD ± 5.25), and 71% were female. Of these, 40 patients also underwent FeNO testing. Compared to CPET, FeNO exhibited a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 2.6%, a positive predictive value of 5.1%, and a negative predictive value of 100% for identifying bronchial hyperreactivity in this setting. Conclusion FeNO testing shows high sensitivity but limited specificity for detecting bronchial hyperreactivity, effectively ruling out but not confirming it independently of CPET. These findings reinforce the essential role of CPET in diagnosing EIB and suggest that FeNO may serve best as an adjunctive tool, rather than a primary diagnostic measure, in evaluating children with exertional dyspnea. A limitation of this study is the reliance on a single FeNO threshold, which may not account for individual variability in bronchial inflammation responses.

Abstract Rationale Exertional dyspnea in children often necessitates a thorough evaluation to determine potential causes, with bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) being among the most common. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is widely recognized as the gold standard for diagnosing EIB; however, it requires significant patient cooperation and specialized resources. The methacholine challenge test (MCT), a bronchial provocation test, is commonly employed to evaluate baseline airway hyperreactivity. Nonetheless, its reliability in predicting EIB in pediatric patients experiencing exertional dyspnea has not been well established. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of MCT compared to CPET in detecting BHR among pediatric patients with unexplained dyspnea. This assessment will help determine the potential of MCT as a complementary diagnostic tool for EIB. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving pediatric patients (up to 18 years of age) who underwent both CPET and MCT as part of their clinical evaluation for exertional dyspnea from July 2020 to February 2023. A reduction of ≥20% in FEV1% was considered a positive result for the methacholine challenge. In the CPET, a decrease of ≥10% in FEV1% post-exercise was indicative of EIB. The results from both tests were compiled in a 2x2 table, using MCT as the reference standard. Results Out of the 98 patients who underwent CPET, 53 also completed a methacholine challenge test. The mean age of participants was 14 years (SD ± 2.42), with a mean BMI of 22.2 kg/m² (SD ± 5.25), and 71% of the patients were female. Using CPET as the reference standard, the MCT demonstrated a sensitivity of 66.7%, specificity of 58%, positive predictive value of 8.7%, and a negative predictive value of 96.7% for identifying BHR in patients with exertional dyspnea. Conclusions MCT exhibited moderate sensitivity and specificity, and a high negative predictive value, indicating its effectiveness in ruling out BHR in children with exertional dyspnea. However, it is less reliable as a standalone diagnostic tool for EIB, and CPET remains essential for an accurate diagnosis of EIB in these patients.

Introduction: Shared decision-making (SDM) about anticoagulant treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is widely recommended but its effectiveness is unclear. We assessed the extent to which using an SDM tool promotes high-quality SDM. Hypothesis: SDM will improve communication quality, knowledge, and decisional conflict and will translate to improved medication adherence and outcomes. Methods: In this multicentre encounter-randomized trial, we included patients with nonvalvular AF considering starting/reviewing anticoagulation, and their clinicians. We compared usual care with or without ANTICOAGULATION CHOICE, an SDM conversation tool for use during the clinical encounter that presents individualized risk estimates and compares anticoagulation options across patient important issues. Results: We enrolled and video-recorded 922 patient-clinician encounters. So far, our data have shown that participants in both arms reported near-optimal communication quality, knowledge, and decisional conflict (JAMA IM-2020). Patients in intervention-arm estimated their stroke risks more accurately and were more involved in decision-making (JAMA IM-2020), clinicians were more satisfied (JAMA IM-2020), and cost conversation were more common (JAMA NO-2021). Use of the intervention had no effect on treatment decisions, encounter duration (JAMA IM-2020), treatment adherence, clinical outcomes (JAHA-epub) or patient-perceived sense of the care plan (PEC-epub). New analyses have shown that compared to eligible white participants, black participants more frequently did not enrol to the study. Enrolment of Black, indigenous, and people of colour benefited most form including and prioritizing practices most likely to care for them. We found no evidence of contamination (tool use, functional, or learned) between study arms. Conclusions: Use of an SDM tool improved some measures of SDM quality, without affecting treatment decisions and their sensibility, encounter duration, patient adherence, or clinical outcomes. Our results should calibrate expectations as to what could be accomplished by implementing SDM tools about anticoagulation in the care of patients with AF

ABSTRACTFemoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a common femoral and/or acetabular abnormality that can cause progressive damage to the hip and osteoarthritis. FAI can be the result of femoral head/neck overgrowth, acetabular overgrowth or both femoral and acetabular abnormalities, resulting in a loss of native hip biomechanics and pain upon hip flexion and rotation. Radiographic evidence can include loss of sphericity of the femoral neck (cam impingement) and/or acetabular retroversion with focal or global overcoverage (pincer impingement). Operative intervention is indicated in symptomatic patients after failed conservative management with radiographic evidence of impingement and minimal arthritic changes of the hip, with the goal of restoring normal hip biomechanics and reducing pain. This is done by correcting the femoral head–neck relationship to the acetabulum through femoral and/or acetabular osteoplasty and treatment of concomitant hip pathology. In pincer impingement cases with small lunate surfaces, reverse periacetabular osteotomy is indicated as acetabular osteoplasty can decrease an already small articular surface. While surgical dislocation is regarded as the traditional gold standard, hip arthroscopy has become widely utilized in recent years. Studies comparing both open surgery and arthroscopy have shown comparable long-term pain reduction and improvements in clinical measures of hip function, as well as similar conversion rates to total hip arthroplasty. However, arthroscopy has trended toward earlier improvement, quicker recovery and faster return to sports. The purpose of this study was to review the recent literature on open and arthroscopic management of FAI.

Background Guidelines promote shared decision‐making (SDM) for anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. We recently showed that adding a within‐encounter SDM tool to usual care (UC) increases patient involvement in decision‐making and clinician satisfaction, without affecting encounter length. We aimed to estimate the extent to which use of an SDM tool changed adherence to the decided care plan and clinical safety end points. Methods and Results We conducted a multicenter, encounter‐level, randomized trial assessing the efficacy of UC with versus without an SDM conversation tool for use during the clinical encounter (Anticoagulation Choice) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation considering starting or reviewing anticoagulation treatment. We conducted a chart and pharmacy review, blinded to randomization status, at 10 months after enrollment to assess primary adherence (proportion of patients who were prescribed an anticoagulant who filled their first prescription) and secondary adherence (estimated using the proportion of days for which treatment was supplied and filled for direct oral anticoagulant, and as time in therapeutic range for warfarin). We also noted any strokes, transient ischemic attacks, major bleeding, or deaths as safety end points. We enrolled 922 evaluable patient encounters (Anticoagulation Choice=463, and UC=459), of which 814 (88%) had pharmacy and clinical follow‐up. We found no differences between arms in either primary adherence (78% of patients in the SDM arm filled their first prescription versus 81% in UC arm) or secondary adherence to anticoagulation (percentage days covered of the direct oral anticoagulant was 74.1% in SDM versus 71.6% in UC; time in therapeutic range for warfarin was 66.6% in SDM versus 64.4% in UC). Safety outcomes, mostly bleeds, occurred in 13% of participants in the SDM arm and 14% in the UC arm. Conclusions In this large, randomized trial comparing UC with a tool to promote SDM against UC alone, we found no significant differences between arms in primary or secondary adherence to anticoagulation or in clinical safety outcomes. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCT02905032.

Background: Papillary fibroelastoma (PFE) is the most common benign cardiac tumor. Because PFEs have the potential to embolize, they typically are surgically excised. Prior studies have suggested that postoperative recurrence of PFE is rare or does not occur. Objectives: To determine the rate at which PFEs recurred after surgical removal and to identify any risk factors associated with recurrence. Methods: Patients with pathologically proven PFE were retrospectively identified from a single center. Patients were included in the study if they had an echocardiographic examination at least 1 year after surgery. Echocardiographic images obtained intraoperatively (after excision) and at dismissal were compared with those of the most recent examination to assess the possibility of PFE recurrence. Results: Ninety eight patients were identified. The mean (SD) duration of follow-up was 5.4 (3.7) years (range, 1-17 years). Twelve patients (12.2%) had echocardiographically proven PFE recurrence. Three patients had the recurrent lesion surgically re-excised, and pathologic analysis showed that 2 were recurrent PFEs and 1 was a Lambl excrescence. Clinical presentation of stroke or TIA was more common for the recurrence patients (for the first PFE) than for the nonrecurrence patients (83% vs 26%; P <.001). Conclusions: Contrary to published data, PFEs do recur after surgical excision. This emphasizes the importance of postoperative follow-up with transesophageal echocardiography for identifying recurrent masses. Table. Characteristics of Patients With Recurrent PFE Abbreviations: AV, aortic valve; LA, left atrium; LE, Lambl excrescence; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; MV, mitral valve; PV, pulmonary valve; RA, right atrium; RC, right cusp; TV, tricuspid valve. a Corresponds to the same location. b Corresponds to a different location .