Lal, Dennis

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to provide an overview of the research landscape and evaluate the impact of lifestyle modifications on seizure reduction and quality of life in people with epilepsy receiving standard medical treatment. Methods Following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of major databases (Medline, Embase, American Psychological Association PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) through November 2025. After screening 5151 articles, 118 studies met inclusion criteria: prospective trials reporting seizure frequency in adults or mixed populations with epilepsy. Four epilepsy‐trained reviewers independently assessed studies. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed on studies reporting ≥50% seizure reduction or data allowing its calculation. Short‐term response was defined as the earliest postintervention time point, and long‐term response as the final reported time point. Results The 118 studies covered diet ( n = 33), supplements ( n = 20), biofeedback ( n = 14), psychosocial/behavioral therapy ( n = 13), yoga/meditation/mindfulness ( n = 8), music therapy ( n = 7), and others. Fifty‐two (44%) included control groups, whereas 91 (77%) reported statistical analysis of seizure frequency. Among those, 68% showed significant seizure reduction. Quality of life was assessed in 31 studies, 68% reporting improvement. Seventy‐one studies (60%) were included in the meta‐analysis. Overall, the ≥50% seizure reduction response rate was 44% for short‐term outcomes (95% confidence interval [CI] = 38%–50%) and 50% for long‐term outcomes (95% CI = 44%–56%). Dietary interventions had the largest evidence base ( n = 33), with short‐ and long‐term response rates of 40% and 51%, respectively. Meditation/yoga/mindfulness had the highest response rate (62% short term, 79% long term), whereas exercise and supplements had the lowest (30%–35%). Significance Lifestyle modifications may offer beneficial, adjunctive effects on seizure control. However, the current evidence is limited by variability in study design and quality. Larger, well‐designed trials with standardized outcomes are needed to clarify how these interventions can complement epilepsy treatment. This systematic review and meta‐analysis serves as a foundation for future research to better define the role of lifestyle interventions in epilepsy care.

Abstract Epilepsy affects more than 50 million individuals globally and has a substantial genetic component that remains to be completely understood. Traditional studies have focused on severe, early onset cases enrolled through clinical or research settings. Recent biobank‐based approaches, leveraging large‐scale population datasets, offer opportunities to explore genetic associations in broader epilepsy phenotypes, including milder, later onset forms. We analyzed data from more than 750 000 individuals across the UK Biobank, All of Us, and Massachusetts General Brigham Biobank, including 20 026 individuals with epilepsy. Rare coding variant burden testing revealed a significant association with LGI1 , a known epilepsy gene. Among the other top 10 associated genes, seven had prior evidence linking them to epilepsy ( GABRG2 , ATP1A3 ), neurological disorders with comorbid seizures ( HTRA2 , KRIT1 , STAG1 ), possible involvement in seizure phenotypes ( ADAM23 ), or roles in neuronal function ( PDCD4 ). Thus, we provide the first statistical evidence for ADAM23 as a candidate gene for epilepsy, based on the suggestive association signal combined with prior biological evidence from both animal (canine and murine) and one recent human epilepsy case study, potentially contributing to human epilepsy through its direct interaction with LGI1 . Phenome‐wide analyses highlighted the pleiotropic effects of epilepsy genes, with LGI1 and ADAM23 predominantly associated with epilepsy, whereas other genes such as KRIT1 , TSC1 , and TSC2 exhibited broader systemic involvement. Our study shows the potential of population‐scale genomic data and suggests that integrating these datasets with deep phenotyping will uncover more novel insights into epilepsy genetics in the future.

Abstract Background Genetic testing is increasingly used in presurgical evaluation, but the yield of resection across germline genetic epilepsies remains uncertain. Methods We conducted a systematic review of MEDLINE (PubMed) and Scopus and added cases from three institutional cohorts and the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium (PERC) databases, including individuals with pathogenic/likely pathogenic germline variants besides tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis who underwent resection or laser ablation. Etiologies were grouped into biologically informed categories (GATORopathies, vascular, overgrowth, CNVs, channelopathies, synaptopathies, other). Primary outcome was seizure freedom (Engel I) at last follow-up. Group comparisons used Fisher’s exact and Kruskal–Wallis tests (α=0.05; Bonferroni when applicable). Prespecified sensitivity analyses stratified by lesional status, excluded GATORopathies, and restricted to literature-only cases. Results We included 223 literature cases (64 studies), 35 institutional cases, and 11 PERC cases (n=269). Median follow-up was 24 months (IQR 12–48.0). Seizure freedom was achieved in: vascular disorders 14/19 (73.6%), GATORopathies 79/120 (67.5%), CNVs 18/31 (66.7%), overgrowth 7/13 (53.8%), other 16/25 (41.7%), channelopathies 13/43 (33.3%), and synaptopathies 4/18 (22.2%) (overall p<0.001). Among cases with known imaging, 208/253 (82.2%) had epileptogenic MRI lesions, including 64% of channelopathies and 80% of the synaptopathies. In univariate contrasts (each category vs all others), odds of seizure freedom were higher for vascular disorders (2.66-fold, 95% CI 0.87–9.72) and GATORopathies (2.46-fold, 95% CI 1.46–4.18), and lower for synaptopathies (∼4.2-fold lower, OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.05– 0.78) and channelopathies (∼4.5-fold lower, OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.09–0.48). Direction and magnitude were consistent across prespecified sensitivity analyses (lesional-only, literature-only, exclusion of GATORopathies). Conclusions Resective surgeries can be effective in germline genetic epilepsies, but outcomes vary by pathway. Disorders with discrete, lesional substrates (GATORopathies, vascular) show the highest likelihood of seizure freedom, whereas channelopathies and synaptopathies, despite the presence of MRI lesions, have substantially lower yields even in lesional cases. Prospective, genotype-aware surgical registries with standardized reporting (EEG, imaging, pathology) and time-to-event outcomes are needed to refine the selection of surgical candidates and quantify seizure and non-seizure-related outcomes.

Abstract Rare Mendelian disorders affect 300-400 million people globally. Although genetic testing has become widely adopted, gene-specific evidence for tailored variant interpretation remains scattered across resources. We present Gene Portals, a framework for gene-centered multimodal knowledge bases that co-localize expert-harmonized clinical data, functional assays, population variation, structural annotations and gene-specific ACMG/AMP specifications within a single resource. A modular interface integrates this unified evidence with VCEP-refined ACMG specifications to enable automated gene-specific variant classification, infer molecular mechanisms, and support cross-gene analyses. We demonstrate the framework’s utility across five Gene portals spanning eleven neurodevelopmental disorder-associated genes, integrating data from 4,423 individuals with 2,838 unique variants, 36,149 ClinVar submissions, and 1,044 expert-curated molecular readouts. By organizing evidence that is otherwise dispersed across multiple sources into a unified, queryable framework, the SCN, GRIN, CACNA1A, SATB2 and SLC6A1 Gene Portals became widely used community resources and provide an extensible template for standardized rare-disease variant interpretation and mechanism-aware discovery.

Abstract Rationale Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are characterised by significant challenges in communication, social interaction, and adaptive function, often impacting quality of life. Previous studies support genetic influences on the communication abilities of individuals with NDD, but were either limited to single genetic conditions or to small cohorts with a limited selection of communication measures. Methods We analysed caregiver-reported communication abilities in 79,518 individuals with NDD from the Simons Searchlight and SPARK registries: 4,439 with a CNV-based or monogenic NDD and 75,079 with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) without a known genetic cause (idiopathic ASD) as controls. For analysis, we a priori selected 10 communication-related measures based on their availability in the study cohorts, coverage of distinct communication aspects, and their frequent use in neurodevelopmental phenotyping, yielding 177,328 data points across all study cohorts. The individuals in the Searchlight registry were divided into a Discovery cohort (the 15 most prevalent genetic NDD conditions) and a Confirmation cohort (all other genetic NDD conditions). A second Confirmation cohort was generated using all individuals with genetic ASD forms from the SPARK registry. We then tested each of the three case cohorts and each genetic condition represented in the Discovery cohort against the ASD control cohort. Developmental trajectories were assessed through testing of participants grouped by age at evaluation. Results Measure-level analyses demonstrated significant associations between genetic status and communication abilities, differences in communication abilities between classes of genetic variants (monogenic vs. CNV-based NDDs), and variability between specific genetic NDD conditions. CNV-based NDDs showed milder communication impairment, outperforming idiopathic ASD controls in 9/10 communication measures, whereas monogenic NDD conditions had more pervasive impairments, especially in verbal communication. Although impaired in verbal communication, five monogenic NDD conditions showed at least suggestive strengths in nonverbal and social communication relative to idiopathic ASD controls ( CSNK2A1 , CTNNB1 , SETBP1 , MED13L , and PPP2R5D ), specifically in using gestures. Developmental trajectory analyses revealed STXBP1 as the gene group at highest risk of developmental stagnation in communication abilities. Conclusions These findings underscore the potential of precision speech-language pathology (SLP) approaches tailored to the specific verbal and nonverbal communication strengths and weaknesses of genetic groups. We also provide evidence for measurable improvements and declines in communication abilities with age at the group level, highlighting the need for developmentally informed care. By integrating genetic insights into clinical practice, precision SLP approaches may enhance communication outcomes and developmental progress and improve quality of life for individuals with genetic NDDs.

Abstract Objective Dravet syndrome (DS) is the prototypic developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, characterized by drug‐resistant seizures, developmental slowing, and many other morbidities. Detailed characterization of behavioral phenotypes and social–emotional skill development are limited. Methods We prospectively assessed behavioral and social–emotional problems in the ENVISION natural history study (NCT04537832) of children with DS associated with SCN1A pathogenic variants ( SCN1A + DS) enrolled at <5 years of age. Assessments every 3 months for up to 2 years included the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Brief Infant‐Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 3rd Edition (VABS‐3). Results Fifty‐eight children with DS enrolled at 16 sites worldwide. Problematic behaviors—inattention, aggressive or oppositional behaviors, and withdrawn and autistic behaviors—began before age 3 years, became more evident with age, and were clinically significant in many children by age 3–4 years. CBCL Total, Externalizing, and Internalizing Problems T‐scores rose by approximately 3 points per year, and BITSEA Problem scale scores increased by 2.3 points annually ( p = .002). SDQ Hyperactivity scores worsened over time ( p = .013), whereas emotional difficulties remained stable. VABS‐3 Socialization domain scores, which were already more than 1 SD below the normative mean at baseline, decreased further, particularly in younger participants. Correlation analyses showed that poorer communication abilities were associated with increased problematic behaviors ( R = −.55 for CBCL Total Problems and VABS‐3 Communication scores). Mixed‐effects modeling identified age as the strongest predictor of worsening behavioral outcomes. Significance We found that behavioral and social–emotional problems are inherent components of DS that present in toddlerhood and worsen throughout early childhood. This highlights the need to diagnose and manage these issues early. Targeted therapy may alleviate the wide‐ranging morbidities that are intrinsic to DS, including the social–emotional and behavior problems that frequently emerge.

Abstract Motivation: Epilepsy is a diverse group of neurological disorders affecting over 50 million people worldwide. While common epilepsy types are well studied, rare epilepsies—often severe and genetically complex—pose significant challenges in diagnosis, research, and treatment. Accurate and interoperable etiology and disease classifications are critical for improving data sharing, supporting clinical decision-making, and advancing rare disease research. Results: To enhance the accuracy of epilepsy-related disease concept representation within the Mondo Disease Ontology (Mondo), we conducted a series of expert-driven workshops in collaboration with the team from the Rare Disease Cures Accelerator-Data and Analytics Platform (RDCA-DAP). Specialists in epileptology, genetics, neurodevelopment, biomedical ontology, and patient community advocates systematically reviewed and revised the epilepsy hierarchy in Mondo, aligning it with the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification system. These updates include reclassification of epilepsy subtypes, including syndromes, age-related epilepsies, and developmental epileptic encephalopathies, resulting in a more granular, standardized, and clinically relevant structure. Mondo now offers an enhanced framework for integrating epilepsy data across resources, enabling improved interoperability and facilitating rare disease research and data curation, with continued efforts underway to further refine and expand this integration.

Abstract Aim To assess the long‐term efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in Dravet syndrome and identify key factors influencing treatment response. Method We conducted a two‐center, retrospective cohort study of 15 patients (six females, nine males; median age at seizure onset 4 months [range 2–12 months]) with Dravet syndrome who underwent VNS implantation. Seizure frequency was evaluated over 12 months and up to 10 years after implantation. Linear mixed‐effects regression was used to analyze the impact of antiseizure medications (ASMs) and VNS parameters on seizure outcomes. Results A 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency was observed in 93.3% (14 of 15) of patients at 12 months and 86.7% (13 of 15) of patients across the 10‐year follow‐up. This seizure reduction was independent of ASM use; the VNS duty cycle was a significant predictor of seizure reduction. Two individuals (13.3%) experienced minor adverse events. Interpretation VNS provides durable seizure reduction in Dravet syndrome, independent of ASM adjustments. These findings highlight the importance of early VNS initiation and parameter optimization in managing genetically defined epilepsy syndromes.

Abstract Objective Dravet syndrome (DS) is a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy characterized by drug‐resistant seizures and developmental slowing. Although cognitive and executive function deficits have been described, their early trajectory is not well understood. Methods The prospective ENVISION natural history study (NCT04537832) assessed cognitive, executive, and adaptive function in children younger than 5 years of age with SCN1A + DS every 6 months for up to 2 years using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd Edition (BSID‐III), Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence, 4th Edition (WPPSI‐IV), Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 3rd Edition (VABS‐3), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Preschool Version (BRIEF‐P), and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). Results Fifty‐eight children were enrolled, with 47% younger than age 2 years. At least 80% of children did not achieve age‐appropriate milestones. Mean BSID‐III Cognitive raw scores increased minimally, with age‐equivalent gains of only 3 months over 1.5 years. Mean Cognitive Composite scores declined significantly by Month 12 (from 81.6 to 72.2; change: –11.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −15.3 to −6.8), signaling a widening gap compared with neurotypical development. Executive function worsened, with mean BRIEF‐P Global Executive Composite T‐scores increasing by 3.2 points/year. For some participants, scores were 5 standard deviations (SD) above the normative mean, reflecting abilities profoundly below age expectations (bottom .00003% of the population). Adaptive functioning worsened, with mean VABS‐3 Adaptive Behavior Composite decreasing from 78.7 to 68.1 over 1.5 years (change: –9.0, 95% CI: −11.9 to −6.1) and greater decline among children <2 years at enrollment, with scores decreasing by ~15 points (1 SD). Over half of children >3 years could not remove clothing independently; and when placed on a toilet, 48% could not use it. Significance Infants and young children with SCN1A + DS show significant and progressive developmental slowing across several domains, highlighting urgent need for therapies to mitigate the devastating impact on individuals and families.

This Viewpoint describes the benefits and challenges of integrating genomic information with disease-modifying therapies for epilepsy.