Citations

As survival in breast cancer patients from newer therapies increases, concerns for chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity (CIC) have offset some of these benefits, manifesting as a decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Patients receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy followed by trastuzumab are at risk for CIC. Previous research evaluating whether clinical biomarkers predict cardiotoxicity has been inconsistent. Recently, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ATR1) and endothelin 1 (ET1) have been shown to play a role in breast tumor growth. We evaluated ATR1 and ET1 expression in breast cancer tissue and its association with CIC. A total of 33 paraffin-embedded breast tissue specimens from women with breast cancer treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy and trastuzumab were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and qRT-PCR. We found that ET1 expression was increased in patients with an LVEF ≤ 50% (p = 0.032) with a lower LVEF correlating with higher ET1 expression (r = 0.377, p = 0.031). In patients with a change in LVEF of greater than 10%, greater ET1 expression was noted compared to those without a change in LVEF (p = 0.017). Increased ET1 expression in breast tumor tissue is associated with reduced LVEF. Future studies need to examine whether ET1 may be a tissue biomarker that helps predict the risk of developing CIC in women with breast cancer.

AbstractHistologic findings on 1‐year biopsies such as inflammation with fibrosis and transplant glomerulopathy predict renal allograft loss by 5 years. However, almost half of the patients with graft loss have a 1‐year biopsy that is either normal or has only interstitial fibrosis. The goal of this study was to determine if there was a gene expression profile in these relatively normal 1‐year biopsies that predicted subsequent decline in renal function. Using transcriptome microarrays we measured intragraft mRNA levels in a retrospective Discovery cohort (170 patients with a normal/minimal fibrosis 1‐year biopsy, 54 with progressive decline in function/graft loss and 116 with stable function) and developed a nested 10‐fold cross‐validated gene classifier that predicted progressive decline in renal function (positive predictive value = 38 ± 34%%; negative predictive value = 73 ± 30%, c‐statistic = .59). In a prospective, multicenter Validation cohort (270 patients with Normal/Interstitial Fibrosis [IF]), the classifier had a 20% positive predictive value, 85% negative predictive value and .58 c‐statistic. Importantly, the majority of patients with graft loss in the prospective study had 1‐year biopsies scored as Normal or IF. We conclude predicting graft loss in many renal allograft recipients (i.e., those with a relatively normal 1‐year biopsy and eGFR > 40) remains difficult.

Abstract Objective To present the pathologic analysis of female urethral strictures obtained during reconstructive urethroplasty. Methods Nine separate female urethral tissue specimens were obtained during dorsal vaginal graft urethroplasty by a single surgeon (S.P.P.). Samples were serially sectioned and fixed in 10% formalin 6 to 12 hours before routine processing in paraffin blocks. Serial 5-µm sections were subjected to H&E, Masson trichrome, and elastin staining. End point analysis included evaluation for epithelial hyperplasia and cell type, mucosal edema, degree of fibroblast/inflammatory cell infiltrate, and elastin fiber density and distribution. Results Nine specimens were examined. Six specimens had epithelial linings of stratified squamous epithelium overlying fibrosis (67%), 1 had mixed squamous and urothelial epithelium, and 2 had only urothelial epithelium. Two specimens (29%) showed acute injury with prominent squamous papillary hyperplasia, focal erosion, and patchy mucosal hemorrhage. Areas of urethral stricture were variably thickened, with increased, densely packed collagen fibers and associated mucosal lymphocytic inflammation ranging from mild and patchy to focally dense with lymphoid aggregates. The highest elastin fiber density appeared to be associated with vessels and overlying muscle bundles in the submucosa. Conclusions Further elucidation of histopathologic characteristics may illuminate more appropriate therapeutic pathways for female urethral stricture disease management.

BackgroundThe goal of this study was to assess the impact of trastuzumab on locoregional failure.METHODSThe analysis included 2763 patients with HER2‐positive (HER2+) breast cancer who were randomly assigned to adjuvant doxorubicin (A), cyclophosphamide (C), paclitaxel (T) and trastuzumab (H) (arm A, AC→T [n = 922]; arm B, AC→T→H [n = 988]; arm C, AC→T+H→H [n = 853]). Radiotherapy was given after AC→T concurrently with H. Radiotherapy was given after lumpectomy (L) or after mastectomy (M) with ≥4 positive lymph nodes but was optional for 1 to 3 positive lymph nodes. Locoregional failures at 10 years (LFR10) as first events were compared using competing risk analysis.ResultsThe median follow‐up was 13.0 years. The first site of failure was local‐only in 96 cases, locoregional in 16 cases, regional in 32 cases, and not specified in 2 cases; LFR10 was 4.8% (95% CI 4.1%‐5.7%). LFR10 was 5.5% (95% CI 4.3%‐7.2%), 4.9% (95% CI 3.7%‐6.4%), and 2.8% (95% CI 1.9%‐4.1%) in arms A, B, and C (B vs A: hazard ratio [HR] 0.91, P = .62; C vs A: HR 0.72, P = .12). For estrogen receptor–positive patients, LFR10 was 3.7% (95% CI 2.8%‐4.8%) and for estrogen receptor–negative patients, it was 6.1% (95% CI 5.0%‐7.4%; HR 0.61, P = .004). Local treatment included L+RT (n = 1044 [38%]), M+RT (n = 1025 [37%]), and M (n = 694 [25%]). LFR10 was 6.% (95% CI 5.0%‐7.8%), 3.0% (95% CI 2.1%‐4.3%), and 5.5% (95% CI 4.0%‐7.4%) for L+RT, M+RT, and M, respectively (M+RT vs L+RT: HR 0.43, P < .001; M vs L+RT: HR 0.88, P = .57). For 1 to 3 positive lymph nodes, LFR10 was 6.5% (95% CI 4.8%‐8.9%), 4.1% (95% CI 2.4%‐7.0%), and 4.3% (95% CI 2.9%‐6.5%) in L+RT, M+RT, and M, respectively (M vs L+RT: HR 0.68, P = .14; M vs M+RT: HR 1.2, P = .6).ConclusionLow 10‐year LFRs were seen regardless of trastuzumab use. Differences in local therapy in patients with 1 to 3 positive lymph nodes did not appear to improve local control. Local therapy studies for HER2+ and other tumor characteristics are important as the role of local therapies continues to evolve.

627 Background: With more centers using MRI to aid in initial staging, there is apprehension that the highly sensitive MRI exam may lead to “unnecessary” mastectomies. We evaluated whether a negative contralateral MRI could be used to rule out a synchronous contralateral carcinoma and hence avoid a prophylactic contralateral mastectomy (CPM) at initial breast cancer diagnosis. Methods: Data of women with a new diagnosis of breast cancer (invasive or DCIS) from February 2003-November 2007 at our institution were reviewed. Women who had a negative MRI of the contralateral breast and who subsequently underwent CPM were included. A CPM was one in which there was no histological confirmation of cancer in the contralateral breast before surgery. All mastectomy specimens were analyzed pathologically. True negatives were mastectomy samples which contained no cancer following pathologic examination. False negatives were mastectomy samples which were found to have cancer after pathologic review. Results: 538 women were identified. 51 women met the study criteria. Median patient age was 56 years (range, 33–77). Of the 51 women who underwent a CPM, 2 were found to have pathologic confirmation of cancer. One occult cancer was a 0.3 cm grade 1, invasive lobular carcinoma; the second a 0.5 cm, low grade DCIS. The overall prevalence of synchronous occult contralateral cancer after a negative MRI was 3.9% (95% CI 0.5 - 13.5%). The negative predictive value of MRI was 96.1% (95% CI 86.5 - 99.5%). Conclusions: This study provides pathologic data regarding the utility of a negative contralateral breast MRI in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. The prevalence of a synchronous occult contralateral cancer after a negative MRI in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer is very low. Physicians and patients can be assured that the risk of occult cancer is low in the setting of a normal contralateral MRI, an important fact when considering CPM after a diagnosis of unilateral breast cancer. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

e13002 Background: Despite improvement in survival in breast cancer patients from advanced therapies, rates of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity manifesting as a decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) have offset some of these benefits in patients receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy followed by trastuzumab. Results suggesting clinical biomarkers predict cardiotoxicity are inconsistent. Recently, expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ATR1) and endothelin 1 (ET1) has shown to play a role in breast tumor growth. We sought to evaluate whether the presence of ATR1 and ET1 in breast cancer tissue using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and qRT-PCR can predict chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. Methods: We hypothesized that elevated expression of ATR1 and ET1 in tumor tissue is associated with chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity (LVEF < 50%) compared to tissue from controls. Preliminarily, 34 paraffin-embedded breast tissue specimens from women with breast cancer treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy and trastuzumab were retrieved for analysis. IHC and qRT-PCR for expression of ATR1 and ET1 was performed on all specimens. Results: We found that ET1 expression was significantly increased in patients with an LVEF < 50%. In addition, we noted the lower the LVEF, the higher the ET1 expression (p = 0.03). We also found patients with a change in LVEF of greater than 10% had more ET1 expression compared to those without a change in LVEF (p = 0.05). We did not find a significant relationship between ATR1 and LVEF. Conclusions: Increased ET1 expression in breast tumor tissue may predict cardiotoxicity. Our findings may aid in future research using novel biomarkers to predict breast cancer patients at risk for developing chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. In addition, targeted therapies to these biomarkers may potentially help prevent the development of cardiotoxicity.

1037 Background: Folate receptor alpha (FRA the product of the FOLR1 gene) has been identified as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target in a number of cancers. A correlation has been shown between intense expression of FRA in breast tumors and poor prognosis, yet little is known about FOLR1/FRA expression across clinically relevant breast cancer subtypes. Methods: 131 breast cancer tumors including 4 benign, 33 ER+, 26 HER2+, and 68 triple negative (TN) were constructed into tissue microarrays (TMAs). FRA expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a high affinity FRA antibody. Tumor membrane staining intensity was scored by a pathologist as negative (0), weak (1+), moderate (2+) and strong (3+). The percent of cells within each tissue core stained at each intensity was recorded to calculate an H-score. The H-score is a weighted score that captured both the proportion of positive staining and intensity for each tumor. H-score values can range from zero (no membrane staining) to a maximum of 300 (100% membrane staining at 3+). H-scores for each patient sample were averaged over 3 TMA cores. The mean H-scores for each tumor subtype and the percentage of 3+ staining in >30% of tumor cells were compared by a Mann-Whitney test. The distribution of FOLR1 mRNA was completed using a TCGA RNA-seq dataset from 691 breast tumors classified as ER+, HER2+ and TN. FOLR1 levels of TN versus ER+ and HER2+ were compared by a Mann-Whitney test. Results: The mean H-score for the benign tumors was 0, ER+ (13.31), HER2+ (39.36), TN (119.02). The median H-score for the benign tumors was 0, ER+ (0), HER2+ (7.5), TN (127.5). The TN tumors mean and median H scores were significantly higher than benign, ER+ or HER2+ (p<0.001). The largest percentage of 3+ staining in >30% of tumor cells was observed in TN tumors (36.7%) and lowest in ER+ tumors (0%) (p<0.001). TN tumors had significantly higher levels of FOLR1 mRNA compared to ER+ and HER2+ subtypes (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Our data indicate that expression of FRA is highly prevalent in TN tumors and is supported by FOLR1 mRNA levels. Anti-FRA therapy may represent an important therapeutic intervention in TNBC who to this point have no active targeted treatment options.

1059 Background: Relapsed TNBC is characterized by its poor prognosis. B is a synthetic DNA minor groove binding non-cross resistant agent that is fully active against DNA-mismatch repair deficient tumor cells. C increases GSH/GST in which enhances the efficacy of B. Methods: Phase II study in pts with mTNBC. C Day 1 followed by B Day 2, repeated every 21 days. Aim: Efficacy of C + B in mTNBC. Primary endpoint: PFS at 3 mo. Secondary endpoints include ORR, duration of response (DOR), 6-mo PFS, OS and AE profile. Tertiary endpoints include assessment of baseline GSH levels, prevalence of BCRA1 mutation and pERK, and correlations with outcome. Results: Closed 3/2012. 48 pts accrued (1 ineligible pt). Median f/u 11.4 mo (6.6-14.8); 2 pts still on treatment. 47 pts evaluable for the PFS endpoint and AEs. 49% received therapy as 3rd-5th line. Median number of cycles = 4 (range 1-15). There are currently 9 confirmed responses (8 PR and 1 CR); DOR = 2.6-14.5 mo. The 3-mo PFS = 51%; 6-mo PFS = 28%; the median TTP is 3.2 mo. AE data: 75% G3/4 hematologic AE: febrile neutropenia 19%. Non-hematologic AEs included G3 (47%) and G4 (15%): G3 fatigue 17%; and no G5 non-heme AE. No correlation of GSH/GST levels with outcome was found. Among 35 pts with evaluable data, no association between BRCA1 expression and outcomes was found. pERK expression was negatively associated with 3-mo PFS, but not 6-mo PFS. Cytoplasmic pERK expression was negatively associated with tumor response (p=0.03). No significant effect of BRCA-1 or pERK expression was found on OS. Conclusions: This trial showed B + C is an active regimen, especially in heavily pretreated mTNBC pts. Correlative data demonstrated a negative association between pERK expression and outcomes. A randomized phase II trial is in development. Clinical trial information: NCT01091454.