Citations

Objective: To synthesize the available evidence on medical therapies investigated for the management of NF2-related vestibular schwannomas (VS). Study design: Systematic review. Setting: Not applicable. Patients: NF2-related VS patients. Interventions: Systemic medical therapies. Main outcome measures: Tumor control and hearing outcomes. Results: Thirty studies met inclusion criteria: 18 investigated bevacizumab, 5 mTOR inhibitors, 5 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and 2 the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) vaccine. Bevacizumab demonstrated the most consistent activity, with hearing improvement in up to 61% of patients, stable hearing in up to 84%, and tumor response in up to 60% (Level 4 evidence). Outcomes for mTOR inhibitors were variable, with 1 study stopped for futility, while others reported up to 100% hearing and tumor stability (Level 4 evidence). Five different TKIs showed hearing improvement rates ranging from 17 to 60% and tumor responses of 10 to 23.5% (Level 4 evidence). The VEGFR vaccine appeared safe and immunologically active, with radiologic and hearing improvement in one-third of patients (Level 4 evidence). Conclusions: Bevacizumab remains the most studied and clinically active systemic therapy for NF2-related VS, although evidence is largely nonrandomized. Other systemic therapies have demonstrated variable results in terms of hearing outcomes or tumor control. High-quality prospective and randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify efficacy, durability, and comparative effectiveness.

Objective: To systematically review studies evaluating systemic medical therapies for sporadic vestibular schwannoma (VS) and perform meta-analyses to assess associations with tumor control. Study design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Setting: Not applicable. Patients: Sporadic VS patients. Interventions: Systemic medical therapies. Main outcome measures: Tumor growth. Results: Nine retrospective studies met criteria: 5 on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 3 on metformin, and 1 on losartan (all level 3 evidence). A meta-analysis of ORs from 5 studies demonstrated no significant association between aspirin use and tumor growth (pooled OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.48-1.23; I²: 76%). Conversely, a meta-analysis of ORs from 3 studies on metformin showed significantly lower odds of tumor growth (pooled OR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.30-0.72; I²: 0%). The study on losartan did not identify a statistically significant association of losartan with tumor growth. Less than half of the studies reported HRs to appropriately reflect the inherently time-dependent nature of tumor growth. Conclusions: Evidence for systemic therapies in sporadic VS remains preliminary. Our meta-analysis of ORs demonstrates that NSAID use is not significantly associated with tumor growth, metformin users had lower odds of tumor growth, and evidence for losartan remains limited; however, all available studies provide only level 3 evidence. At present, there is insufficient data to recommend routine use of aspirin, metformin, or losartan with the intent of mitigating VS tumor growth during wait-and-scan management. High-quality prospective studies with appropriate time-to-event methodology to assess tumor growth are required to establish the clinical utility of systemic therapies in the management of patients with sporadic VS.

Objective: To explore the existing evidence on novel imaging modalities that may aid in prognostication of vestibular schwannoma (VS) clinical outcomes across various management approaches. Study design: Scoping review. Setting: Not applicable. Patients: Individuals diagnosed with VS. Interventions: Novel imaging techniques. Main outcome measures: Tumor growth and response to medical therapy. Results: A total of 18 articles were included in this review. Of these, 7 focused on pretreatment prognosis, 6 evaluated radiosurgery outcomes, 4 examined microsurgery outcomes, and 1 assessed response to bevacizumab. The imaging modalities investigated included radiomics (n = 10), positron emission tomography (PET; n = 2), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI; n = 2), both PET and DCE-MRI (n = 1), magnetic resonance elastography (MRE; n = 1), contrast-enhanced CT (CE-CT; n = 1), and slip interface imaging (SII; n = 1). Radiomic studies yielded encouraging results in predicting tumor growth after wait-and-scan and radiosurgery, with reported accuracies ranging from 52% to 88%, sensitivities from 13% to 95%, specificities from 50% to 94%, and area under the curves from 0.65 to 0.99. PET studies identified several promising ligands associated with tumor growth during wait-and-scan, suggesting a potential role in prognostication. DCE-MRI also demonstrated associations with tumor growth and treatment response to bevacizumab. Studies on MRE, CE-CT, and SII identified novel imaging parameters associated with tumor stiffness and adhesion. Conclusions: Several emerging imaging modalities hold potential for improving clinical outcome prognostication in VS. Techniques such as radiomics, PET, and DCE-MRI have shown promising results; however, the supporting evidence is still limited and heterogeneous. Further research is necessary to validate and refine these approaches to enhance their clinical utility.

Importance Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS) is a rapidly progressive and potentially life-threatening infection that predominantly affects immunocompromised patients. Recent advances in diagnostic imaging, antifungal therapy, and surgical techniques may have altered its incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Objective To evaluate temporal trends in the pooled proportion, morbidity, and mortality of AIFRS in immunocompromised patients and assess the association of diagnostic and therapeutic advances. Data Sources Systematic searches of Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar from 1977 through October 20, 2025, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Study Selection Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies and case series reporting pooled proportion, morbidity, or mortality of AIFRS in immunocompromised patients were included. Non-English articles, reviews, editorials, and studies with fewer than 10 patients were excluded. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two independent reviewers extracted data using standardized templates; disagreements were resolved by consensus. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Murad tool for case series. Random-effects meta-analysis generated pooled proportion, morbidity, and mortality rates with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was quantified using I 2 statistics. Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses evaluated temporal trends and study-level effects. Main Outcomes and Measures Pooled proportion, morbidity, and mortality rates of AIFRS stratified by publication period (1983-2012 vs 2013-2025). Results A total of 205 studies comprising 48 437 immunocompromised patients (median [range] age, 49.4 [5.2-68.8] years), including 10 311 (21.3%) with AIFRS, were analyzed. The pooled proportion was 11.8% (95% CI, 7.9%-17.2%), rising to 16.6% (95% CI, 8.7%-29.2%) in studies from 2013 to 2025. Overall mortality was 31.2% (95% CI, 28.3%-34.3%), declining from 41.9% (95% CI, 35.0%-49.1%) before 2013 to 28.2% (95% CI, 25.1%-31.4%) after 2013. Morbidity was 37.0% (95% CI, 32.9%-41.4%), with similar rates across periods (39.3% before 2013 vs 36.4% after 2013). The most common complications were vision loss, exophthalmos/proptosis, and orbital exenteration. Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that the pooled proportion of AIFRS among immunocompromised patients has increased while mortality has declined, reflecting advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Early detection and aggressive management remain critical to improving outcomes.

Background: Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) is becoming an increasingly relevant tool in hospital medicine, but its effective application in inpatient perioperative medicine remains to be determined. Much of the POCUS literature describes its use by anesthesiologists to evaluate cardiac function, volume status, pulmonary findings, and gastric volume. Objective: To identify, evaluate, and synthesize all available literature investigating the use of point-of-care ultrasound and associated clinical outcomes in inpatient perioperative medical management. Patients and Methods: A systematic review was designed using the PRISMA guidelines with sources of literature including Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science. Literature search was conducted for published works between 1 January 2002 to 8 February 2024. Results: Three hundred sixty-seven abstracts were identified in our search, and, ultimately, 24 studies were included in this review. Most studies were done by anesthesiology evaluating cardiopulmonary and gastric POCUS. Studies supported using POCUS to expedite cardiac examination, promptly diagnose postoperative pulmonary complications, and optimize surgical timing. Conclusions: POCUS is a versatile tool in the perioperative setting; however, few studies were powered to assess clinical outcomes, and even fewer showed conclusive evidence of improved clinical outcomes. Furthermore, only two studies evaluated the use of POCUS specifically by acute care providers; more extensive studies are needed from their perspective as they take on increasing perioperative responsibilities.

Abstract Background The term “incomplete microscopic colitis” (MCi) has been suggested to define patients with chronic watery diarrhea not fulfilling the complete histologic criteria for MC. There are inconsistent data on the epidemiology of MCi and the optimal management of these patients. Methods A systematic search of randomized control trials (RCTs) and observational studies of adults with biopsy-proven MCi (incomplete lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis) was conducted using Cochrane, Medline, Scopus, and Embase from inception to May 6, 2025. Data were extracted on (1) incidence and prevalence of MCi, (2) patient features and risk factors, (3) clinical response with treatment, and (4) relapse after treatment cessation. Data were pooled using the random-effects model to calculate weighted pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Of 136 potentially relevant publications identified, 49 passed abstract screening, and 17 studies (1 RCT and 16 observational) were included, with a total of 1370 patients with MCi (median age of 62 years and 69.6% women). The incidence rate of MCi ranged from 0.96 to 5.0 cases per 100 000 person-years. The pooled proportion of concurrent autoimmune disease with MCi was 18% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07-0.28; I2 = 95%), and 46% (95% CI, 0.28-0.64; I2 = 95%) were on medications associated with microscopic colitis (MC). The pooled clinical remission rate with any induction therapy was 78% (95% CI, 0.68-0.89; I2 = 81%) and 85% (95% CI, 0.72-0.98; I2 = 88%) with budesonide. Conclusions Patients with MCi share similar characteristics with full MC including demographics, risk factors, and response to therapy, indicating that the histologic criteria for MC should potentially be broadened.

Abstract Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer treatment by targeting immune checkpoints such as PD‐1, PDL‐1, and CTLA‐4, but concerns about severe immune‐related adverse events persist. The scarcity of literature on dermatologic implications, especially severe reactions such as Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), highlights the urgent need for investigation. Objective Our systematic review aims to address the gap in relevant literature by extensively examining the epidemiologic risk factors and management of SJS/TEN‐like illnesses in ICI‐treated patients to provide insights for risk assessment and clinical care. Method s We identified 158 case reports that detailed the incidence of SJS/TEN in patients being treated with ICIs, examining demographic patterns, type of malignancy, clinical characteristics, and treatments linked to onset. We assessed mortality rates, risk elements, and the effectiveness of interventions to help guide clinical care. Results Analysis of 158 case reports revealed that SJS/TEN in ICI users is typically seen on average at the age of 63 and is more common in males. PD1 inhibitors such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab are often associated with various mucocutaneous patterns and significant risks with ICI use, especially TEN, which is linked to high morbidity and mortality rates. Limitations Our study notes limitations due to the inclusion of case reports or case series, such as potential publication and reporting biases, leading to skewed findings. Additionally, because of the heterogeneous reporting standards, the retrospective nature limits phenotypic precision, control for confounding variables, and data completeness. Conclusion Our study provides valuable insights into the epidemiology, clinical features, management strategies, and outcomes of ICI‐induced SJS/TEN, underscoring the importance of vigilant monitoring and personalized risk assessment in oncology practice. Continued research efforts are essential to optimize patient outcomes and enhance the safety profile of ICIs in cancer therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Bile acid sequestrants (BAS) are an option for microscopic colitis (MC) refractory or intolerant to budesonide. There are inconsistent data on the prevalence of bile acid malabsorption (BAM) and utility of bile acid testing in MC. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate these outcomes. METHODS: A systematic search of randomized control trials and observational studies of adults with MC treated with BAS was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus from inception to January 22, 2024. Data were extracted on (i) prevalence of BAM, (ii) clinical response and adverse events, and (iii) recurrence after BAS discontinuation. Data were pooled using random-effects models to determine weighted pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: We included 23 studies (1 randomized control trial, 22 observational), with 1,011 patients with MC assessed for BAM and 771 treated with BAS. The pooled prevalence of BAM was 34% (95% CI 0.26–0.42, I 2 = 81%). The pooled response rate with BAS induction for all patients with MC, irrespective of BAM, was 62% (95% CI 0.55–0.70, I 2 = 71%). There was a higher pooled response rate in patients with BAM compared with those without BAM ( P < 0.0001). The pooled rate of BAS-related adverse effects was 9% (95% CI 0.05–0.14, I 2 = 58%). DISCUSSION: One-third of patients with MC had BAM, and almost two-thirds of all patients responded to BAS with limited side effects. Patients with MC and BAM were more likely to respond to therapy, supporting the value of bile acid testing.

AbstractObjectiveCartilaginous tumors of the larynx are rare, representing less than 1% of all laryngeal tumors. Chondromas are benign mesenchymal tumors characterized by a slow‐paced growth, primarily originated in the cricoid cartilage, followed by the thyroid, arytenoid, and epiglottic cartilages. This scoping review aims to understand the extent of evidence on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, morbidity, and recurrence of the laryngeal chondroma (LC).Data sourcesMEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), Web of Science (Clarivate), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Systematic Reviews, Lilacs, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases.Review methodsThe scoping review was conducted from 1816 to 2023, for observational studies describing LC. Titles and abstracts were screened for relevance, followed by an evaluation of the full text for eligibility. The data were collected from the qualifying articles, and a narrative summary of the outcomes was prepared.ResultsOne hundred and nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Ninety‐four case reports, 22 case series, and 3 cohorts. Two hundred and four participants with a diagnosis of LC were described. Male:female ratio was 2.8:1. The most common localization was the cricoid (113; 47.08%), followed by the thyroid (45; 18.75%), and the arytenoid cartilage (27; 11.25%). Dyspnea (78.85%) and hoarseness (74.28%) were the most reported symptoms. The recurrence rate was 11.25%, and complications were uncommon following the resection.ConclusionThis scoping review found a low‐frequency rate over all the cartilaginous laryngeal tumors. Most patients were treated with resection, with a low rate of malignancy conversion. This population has low attributable mortality, morbidity, and recurrence according to the current literature.

Objectives Use of point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) in clinical medicine and inclusion in medical training is increasing. Some professional societies recommend that 25–50 POCUS examinations be completed for each application learned; however, the amount of practice required is not well studied. As such, a better understanding of the learning curves of POCUS psychomotor skills is needed. This systematic review characterizes the learning curves for POCUS psychomotor skill acquisition. Methods With the assistance of a research librarian, the available literature through August 28, 2023, was identified. The titles and abstracts, and then the full text were reviewed by two reviewers to screen for inclusion. All studies included after full‐text review then underwent data extraction and analysis. Results The search identified 893 unique studies. Forty‐five studies underwent full‐text review, with 17 meeting full inclusion criteria. Substantial heterogeneity was noted in study design, duration of education, number and type of learners, and methods for statistical analysis. Clear and validated definitions for learning endpoints, such as plateau points or competency, are lacking. Learning curves and endpoints differ for different applications of POCUS. Conclusion The results are overall supportive of the recommendations to complete 25–50 examinations per application of POCUS learned. However, specific applications require more practice than others. Certain applications, such as cardiac and the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) exams, are closer to 50; while others, such as soft tissue, airway, and eye require no more than 25.