Citations

This study examined sex differences in the self-report of depression in early adolecents. A sample of 269 junior high adolescents completed a biographical data sheet, short forms of the Beck Depression Inventory, the Family Environment Scale, a Social Support Index, and a Life Stress Inventory. A subset of 61 mothers completed a Beck inventory, and a Family Environment Scale on their children. Sex differences were demonstrated in the relation of depression to the family and individual variables. Depression in boys was correlated with life stress and lower grades, while for girls, depression was correlated with several types of social support and lower grades.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of age, sex, and hand preference on precise control of voluntary movement at the index finger metacarpophalangeal joint in able-bodied volunteers. An electrogoniometer was attached to this joint and connected to a computer. The computer screen displayed a sine wave target that each subject attempted to track with careful extension and flexion finger movements. Accuracy index scores were calculated for the extension phases, flexion phases, and the total sine wave. Each subject performed three tracking trials and the average for each of the above scores was computed. The results showed that younger subjects tracked significantly more accurately than older subjects and men tracked significantly more accurately than women. Also, the subjects tracking with the nonpreferred hand (15 right, 105 left) tracked significantly more accurately than those subjects tracking with the preferred hand (112 right, 8 left) in the flexion phases of the test. The data from these able-bodied subjects provide a base for comparison of patients' data, which may be helpful in the early recognition and monitoring of problems with precision in movement control.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility effects in a manual tracking task for male and female subjects of different ages. 20 healthy men and 20 healthy women in each of three different age groups (20 to 39, 40 to 59, and 60 to 79 years) participated (total N=120). Subjects performed extension and flexion movements of the index finger metacarpophalangeal joint to track a computer-screen cursor along a target sine wave. The hand and forearm were positioned so that the finger movement was either vertical or horizontal, and the computer monitor was positioned so that the voluntary cursor movement was either vertical or horizontal. Each subject performed four different tracking tests corresponding to the four different ensembles of hand-forearm position and monitor position. There were significant differences in tracking performance between test ensembles in both women and men aged 60 to 79 years, and the compatible ensembles showed the superior performance. The results suggest that S-R compatibility effects exist in elderly women and elderly men performing a finger-movement tracking task, and these effects are consistent with impaired information processing in elderly persons. More research is needed on how S-R compatibility affects performance in persons with cerebral lesions.

The widespread use of actigraphy has led to the recognition that a number of methodological issues have to be addressed to facilitate an increased acceptability of this relatively new method. These methodological issues include actigraph placement, reliability, and sensitivity, and the phenomenon known as the “first night effect.” Our findings have demonstrated that actigraphy is a reliable instrument for assessment of sleep and wakefulness. In addition, actigraph placement and reliability do not constitute a significant methodological problem as no differences were found in all of these studies. We have also observed no first-night effects associated with sleep-wake monitoring with actigraphy.

Decades of empirical observations have established the validity of actigraphy primarily in individuals without sleep disorders. Methodological problems encountered thus far coupled with the widespread use of actigraphy signal the need for concentrated efforts to establish a consensus regarding scoring procedures. Currently available scoring methods show less reliability in clinical populations. To address these issues two validation studies were conducted: one for individuals without sleep disorders and the other for patients diagnosed with insomnia. The results of these two studies using the Actigraph Data Analysis Software as the scoring method have shown that the described system is fairly precise. It can be used for actigraphs with different features and mode of operation and is applicable to individuals with insomnia. These findings corroborate previous research showing that actigraphy is a valid instrument for assessment of sleep and wakefulness.

Ten children with lipomyelomeningocele were evaluated with the WISC—R, the Wide Range Achievement Test—Revised, the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration, and the Child Behavior Checklist. These children were consecutive referrals to a birth defects clinic. Unlike their meningomyelocele counterparts, as a group these children appear to be average in their intellectual, academic, and behavioral characteristics. However, they exhibited low average perceptual motor skills, a feature more commonly seen in meningomyelocele.

Exner's scoring (1990) was used on the responses by 46 sexually abused girls (6 to 14 years old) and 46 nonsexually abused girls (6 to 14 years old). Subjects were matched for age, race, family income, and family constellation. Sexually abused children exhibited significantly more unusual content, e.g., sex and blood, in their protocols as well as more frequent coping deficits.