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Abstract Background Older adults with brain tau pathology but no evident amyloid‐beta (A) pathology can be referred to as primary age‐related tauopathy (PART). However, in vivo characterization of PART using biomarkers remains unclear, varying based on the method used to define tau pathology (e.g. different tau‐PET tracers). Here, we conducted a head‐to‐head characterization of PART using two different tau‐PET tracers. Method We studied 433 individuals from the HEAD cohort (244 CU, 138 MCI, and 51 with dementia). Participants underwent clinical assessments, MRI, A‐PET, both MK‐6240 and Flortaucipir scans, and a subset with plasma biomarkers ( n = 332). A‐PET positivity was defined as Centiloid>24. Tau‐positivity(T) was determined by MK‐6240 and Flortaucipir SUVR values exceeding the mean+2SD in at least one Braak region anchored in CU A‐ individuals followed by visual confirmation in A‐/T+ cases. Concordance across biomarkers was assessed among PART (A‐/T+), A‐/T‐ and A+/T+ groups. Plasma GFAP, p ‐tau217, NFL levels, and Centiloids were compared across A/T groups using linear regression. Result We found a total of 25 (5.8 %) cases classified as A‐/T+ defined by at least one tau tracer (74±6.3 years, 52% females, 17 CU, 3 MCI, 5 with dementia). Detection of A‐/T+ cases varied by tracer: MK‐6240( n = 20), Flortaucipir( n = 16) (Figure 1A). Among A‐/T+ individuals, MK‐6240 identified 13 CU, 4 MCI, and 3 dementia cases, while Flortaucipir identified 11 CU, 3 MCI, and 2 dementia cases(Figure 1B). Concordance between MK‐6240 and Flortaucipir in A‐/T+ cases was low ( n = 11, 44%)(Figure 1C). A‐/T+ individuals showed no significant biomarker differences from A‐/T‐ but had lower biomarker levels than A+/T+: Centiloids (MK‐6240: T=15.08, p <0.001; Flortaucipir: T=14.36, p <0.001), GFAP (MK‐6240: T=5.04, p < 0.01; Flortaucipir: T=2.92, p <0.001), p ‐tau217 (MK‐6240: T=7.77, p <0.001; Flortaucipir: T=6.34, p <0.001), except for NFL (MK‐6240: T=1.35, p = 0.18; Flortaucipir: T=1.14, p = 0.25)(Figure 2). Representative A and tau biomarker cases (Figure 3A), along with discordant cases classified as T+ by only one tracer (Figure 3B), are illustrated. Conclusion Our preliminary analysis revealed a higher prevalence of A‐/T+ cases with MK‐6240 than Flortaucipir, low concordance between tracers and consistently lower biomarker levels in A‐/T+ compared to A+/T+. Larger studies and longitudinal analyses are necessary to ascertain the pathological trajectories of A‐/T+ individuals with varying tau biomarker profiles.

Abstract Background Tau phosphorylation and aggregation are hallmark features of Alzheimer's disease pathology(AD). Previous studies have shown that plasma phosphorylated tau( p ‐tau) at threonine 217 can detect AD‐related tau tangle pathology. However, the head‐to‐head association between p ‐tau217 and different tau PET tracers remains unexplored. Here, we conducted a head‐to‐head comparison of the association between plasma p ‐tau217 and four distinct tau PET tracers[MK6240, Flortaucipir(FTP), PI2620, RO948]. Method We studied 338 individuals across the AD continuum from the HEAD study[190 cognitively unimpaired elderly(CU), 109 with mild cognitive impairment(MCI), and 39 with dementia] with available FTP, MK6240, and plasma p ‐tau217 measured by ALZpath assay. A subset of 64 individuals(28 CU, 25 MCI, and 11 dementia) also had PI2620 and RO948, and p ‐tau217 measured by Lumipulse. The strength of the association was determined using t‐value maps from regression models testing the association between each tau PET tracer and plasma p ‐tau217, and the extent was measured by the percentage of significant voxels(t‐value>3.2). R‐square metric was used to determine how much of the variance in tau PET tracer estimates was explained by plasma p ‐tau217 concentrations. Associations between p ‐tau217 with tau PET were evaluated using the Spearman test. Result We found that in CU, both the extent and magnitude of the association with plasma p ‐tau217 were higher for MK6240 compared to FTP (Figure 1A‐D). Plasma p ‐tau217 explained a greater proportion of the variance in MK6240 than in FTP (Figure 1E‐F). In CI, the extent and magnitude of the association were similar for MK6240 and FTP. Additionally, plasma p ‐tau217 explained a similar proportion of the variance in MK6240 and FTP. Using the subset of individuals who had all tau tracers, MK6240 showed a slightly higher extent of association with p ‐tau217, followed by FTP, PI2620, and RO948 (Figure 2A‐B). The magnitude of association was stronger for MK6240, followed by PI2620, RO948, and FTP (Figure 2C‐D). Plasma p ‐tau217 explained a greater proportion of the variance in MK6240, followed by FTP, RO948, and PI2620 (Figure 2E‐F). We compared the associations between different p ‐tau217 assays, and both assays presented similar associations with all tau PET tracers (Figure 3). Conclusion In summary, our results indicate that the four tau PET tracers exhibit robust associations with plasma p ‐tau217 in similar topographical regions.

ABSTRACT Introduction Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of polyphenotypic differentiation, characterized by EWSR1‐WT1 gene fusion. Despite multimodality therapy, the tumor carries poor prognosis. We report cytomorphological, immunohistochemical (IHC) and molecular features of seven cases of DSRCT from four patients. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of cytology smears, biopsies and molecular features of cases diagnosed as DSRCT at Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Health System, and Indiana University, USA between 2016 and 2022 were performed. A total of seven cases of DSRCT from four patients were included in this study. The cytological findings were correlated with concurrent or subsequent biopsy findings. Results All patients were male, with age ranging from 21 to 29 years. Two patients had primary tumor in the abdomen, one in the retroperitoneum, and one in the inguinal region. The tumors measured from 7.5 to 17 cm in size. Six out of seven cases showed typical hypercellular smears of small round cells with inconspicuous nucleoli, scant cytoplasm, and rare nuclear molding. The cytomorphology in Case no. 1 was unusual, showing discohesive pleomorphic tumor cells with large irregular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, occasional binucleation, and frequent mitotic activity. A subset of tumor cells demonstrated rhabdoid features. The tumor cells were positive for keratins (dot‐like), desmin, WT‐1, and CD15. In Case no. 4, the immunohistochemistry for desmin and WT‐1 was unusually negative reflecting the variability of the staining pattern. Three cases were positive for EWSR1 rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and one positive for EWSR1‐WTI gene fusion by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). All seven cases had concurrent/subsequent surgical pathology diagnosis consistent with DSRCT. Conclusion Cytologic diagnosis for DSRCT is challenging but can be achieved with appropriate cytomorphology, IHC profiles, molecular studies, and demographic information. Rare rhabdoid differentiation can occur in DSRCT and can be present in effusion cytology.

Abstract Background The overlap index (OI), previously introduced by Lee et al. (2022), has proven to be a reliable method for detecting tau accumulation via tau‐PET imaging with flortaucipir ([ 18 F]AV‐1451). This technique identifies voxel‐wise increases in standardized uptake value ratio (SUVr) across serial scans. However, the relationship between tau‐PET measurements obtained with [ 18 F]MK‐6240 and [ 18 F]AV‐1451 using the OI remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship between [ 18 F]MK‐6240 and [ 18 F]AV‐1451 tau‐PET using the tau‐PET OI. Method The study included 27 participants from the HEAD project, all of whom underwent two serial tau‐PET scans (each [ 18 F]MK‐6240 and [ 18 F]AV‐1451) along with 3T T1‐weighted MRI, acquired within an average interval of 18 months. SUVr maps for each tau‐PET tracer were normalized to the cerebellar crus grey matter, and MR images were co‐registered to the MCALT T1 template. Tau‐PET images were spatially resampled to the template space, and OI was computed within a predefined META‐ROI using an intensity threshold of 1.3 and a cutoff of 0.5. Clusters containing fewer than 20 contiguous voxels were excluded from analysis. The META‐ROI SUVr was calculated as the average SUVr across the selected region's SUVr. Additionally, a visual comparison was performed to assess the spatial overlap of OI‐identified voxels between the two tau‐PET tracers. Result OI values within the META‐ROI exhibited a broad distribution between [ 18 F]MK‐6240 and [ 18 F]AV‐1451 tau‐PET, particularly in cognitively unimpaired (CU) and younger individuals (Figure 1A). Unlike the OI distribution, the relationship between META‐ROI SUVr values of both tracers followed an exponential trend (Figure 1B). Visual inspection revealed that OI‐detected voxels in [ 18 F]MK‐6240 tau‐PET were frequently localized to the meninges, an established site of off‐target binding, which was not observed in [ 18 F]AV‐1451 tau‐PET (Figure 2). Conclusion The association between [ 18 F]MK‐6240 and [ 18 F]AV‐1451 tau‐PET, as assessed using the OI, exhibited considerable variability in CU and younger participants. Additionally, the presence of overlapping voxels in the meninges in [ 18 F]MK‐6240 tau‐PET highlights the need to account for and potentially exclude off‐target binding effects in these populations. The influence of meningeal signal and other off‐target binding on the OI in the temporal META‐ROI needs to be further evaluated.

ABSTRACT Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common, heritable disorder with diverse clinical presentations and etiologies. We conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 492,107 individuals, including 46,028 OSA cases, identifying 14 genome-wide significant loci, eight of which are novel. Analyses adjusting for body mass index (BMI) revealed three loci independent of obesity, implicating alternative biological pathways contributing to disease. Integrative functional analyses, including chromatin interaction mapping, fine-mapping, and eQTL colocalization, prioritized candidate effector genes. Notably, implicated genes in chondrocytes were associated with craniofacial morphology in both mouse and human multivariate genotype-phenotype mapping, supporting a role for craniofacial structure in OSA risk. These findings highlight key genetic pathways (obesity-related, neurological, and craniofacial) underlying the development of OSA, offering new insights into its complex etiology.

Abstract Background Atypical clinical presentations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with heterogeneous patterns of cortical tau‐PET uptake. The medial‐temporal (MTL) meta‐ROI is typically used to determine tau‐PET abnormality in AD, but this approach may not detect focal uptake in atypical patients. Our goal was to develop regional tau‐PET cut‐points and determine whether the number of positive regions better captures positive tau‐PET signal in atypical AD. Method 127 amyloid‐positive atypical AD (visual=68, language=39, motor=15, others=5) and 62 amyloid‐negative cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals were recruited by the Neurodegenerative Research Group, Mayo Clinic, and underwent, amyloid‐PET and 18 F‐AV‐1451(tau)‐PET. Images were parcellated using the modified Harvard‐Oxford atlas and we focused on 67 AD‐specific regions. Rather than using the average SUVR across voxels within a region to quantify uptake, we used the 95 th percentile of SUVR values across voxels within a region to capture focal cases. We then used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) methods and a Youden threshold to define regional abnormality. The number of abnormal regions was calculated for each participant and used to discriminate between CU and atypical AD at the individual level. Result Across 64 regions, our approach showed excellent (AUROC>0.90) differentiation between atypical AD and CU. The temporal‐fusiform, parahippocampal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus showed the best differentiation (Figure 1). All 67 regions showed excellent specificity (>85%), with 63 regions showing excellent sensitivity (≥80%). The lateral occipital cortex, temporal‐fusiform and parahippocampal gyrus showed the best specificity and sensitivity (Figure 2). The distribution of the number of tau‐elevated regions is shown in Figure 3. 74% of CU had no positive regions, while 43% of the atypical AD patients had all 67 regions affected. An optimal threshold of 7 tau‐elevated regions classified all CU below, and 123 (97%) atypical AD above threshold. Using a standard approach based on the average SUVR in the MTL meta‐ROI, only 116 (91%) atypical AD patients were tau‐PET positive. Conclusion Tau uptake in temporal regions showed the greatest group‐level differentiation. However, examining regional tau‐positivity may offer better sensitivity in atypical AD patients compared to the temporal meta‐ROI, likely due to the presence of focal non‐temporal patterns of uptake.

Abstract Background The tau PET imaging with 18F‐flortacipir (18F‐FTP) has focused interest in accurately tracking longitudinal tau changes in Alzheimer's disease [1]. Thus, minimizing variability is critical. Off‐target signal has the potential to complicate interpretation of tau‐PET imaging due to potential spillover or bleed‐in effects, with increased effects seen in later stages of Alzheimer's due to cerebral atrophy and proximity of off‐target areas to relevant cortical areas[2]. Previously, we demonstrated the effect of uptake period activity on 18F‐FTP signal. With increasing recent interest in demographic factors that may affect off‐target binding, we investigated the effect of age in extra‐cerebral off‐target signal in 18F‐FTP PET imaging. Method Standard 18F‐FTP PET protocol was performed in 330 participants. Two independent readers measured tau uptake in predetermined off‐target regions, including extraocular muscle, meninges, and occipital bone among others. Linear regression models assessed the relationship between participants’ age, sex, and tau uptake values (SUV and SUVr) (SUV = (Tissue radioactivity concentration / Injected dose) / Body weight & SUVr = SUV of target region/ SUV of reference region.) Result Sex had a significant effect on off‐target signal in most brain regions, with variable positive or negative correlation based on area. Notably, SUV in the eyeball‐retina, occipital bone, upper skull meninges all showed significant positive correlation with sex, with ‘male’ status generally associated with lower SUV. The greatest effect of sex was observed in superior skull meninges, occipital bone, and internal carotid artery ( p <0.001). Age showed minimally affected SUV and SUVr in off‐target regions. SUVr values show a significant correlation with SUV values of upper skull meninges in sex. Cognitive status did not significantly affect off‐target SUV. Conclusion We observed that sex significantly affected extra‐brain off‐target signal in 18F‐FTP PET imaging, while age has minimal effect, adding to previous evidence of off‐target binding within brain regions. Further evaluation is necessary to understand the age‐related effects on off‐target regions. As a result, the variability introduced by sex may pose challenges to studying tau accumulation.

Abstract Background Previous studies demonstrate that certain asymptomatic MAPT variant carriers (Asymp‐ MAPT ) exhibit altered baseline gray matter volume (GMV) and functional connectivity (FC) profiles. It remains unclear whether these imaging measures may herald risk for earlier conversion to the symptomatic phase. To address this, we stratified Asymp‐ MAPT based on baseline GMV and longitudinal FC changes to assess whether any Asymp‐ MAPT subgroups showed signs of longitudinal neurodegeneration or cognitive decline. Method We studied 25 Asymp‐ MAPT recruited from the UCSF Memory and Aging Center and ALLFTD Consortia. Using a median split, we divided Asymp‐ MAPT into groups with smaller (LowGMV; n = 12) and larger baseline GMV (HighGMV; n = 13) within regions atrophied in symptomatic MAPT carriers ( n = 20). Next, we stratified Asymp‐ MAPT based on longitudinal FC changes using k‐means clustering on rates of change in FC for four intrinsic connectivity networks associated with common MAPT ‐related syndromes: salience (SN), corticobasal syndrome (CBS), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and default mode (DMN) networks. We compared Asymp‐ MAPT subgroups from each stratification on baseline and longitudinal changes in demographics, plasma neurofilament light (NfL) concentration, GMV within 246 Brainnetome regions, and neuropsychological test scores. Result Stratification of Asymp‐ MAPT based on baseline GMV showed that LowGMV had higher education levels compared to HighGMV, with no other demographic differences. Though LowGMV and HighGMV did not differ in baseline NfL, LowGMV showed greater longitudinal NfL increases. These groups did not differ in baseline or longitudinal GMV changes. LowGMV had lower baseline attention and working memory scores, and greater longitudinal decline in set‐shifting and visuospatial performance. Stratification based on FC changes yielded one group (DecFC; n = 17) exhibiting longitudinal decreases in the SN, PSP, and DMN and another (IncFC; n = 8) showing increases in each network. DecFC and IncFC did not differ in demographics, baseline or longitudinal NfL, or baseline GMV. Longitudinally, DecFC showed greater decline in posterior superior temporal and inferior parietal cortices. DecFC showed lower baseline attention and semantic fluency scores, and greater longitudinal decline in set‐shifting and visuospatial memory performance. Conclusion Lower baseline GMV within regions atrophied during the symptomatic phase and longitudinal FC declines within MAPT ‐relevant networks may signal earlier symptomatic conversion in Asymp‐ MAPT .

Abstract Background An intense search is underway for tau PET tracers with enhanced capability to visualize tau aggregates. Research indicates that [18F] AV1451 and [18F]MK 6240 exhibit comparable binding properties in terms of spatial distribution and severity of tau aggregates, as observed both in‐vivo and in‐vitro. This study focused on head‐to‐head pathological comparison of both the tracers binding specificity to tangle maturity levels (pretangles, mature tangles and ghost tangles) of tau aggregates as seen on autoradiography as compared to CP‐13 (early tangle maturity marker) and PHF‐1(middling tangle maturity marker) immunohistochemical (IHC) stains in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non‐AD tauopathies. Method Study participants included included those with AD and non‐AD tauopathies. Analyses were performed on serial 5um formalin fixed paraffin embedded postmortem human brain sections acquired from Mayo clinic brain bank. Visual assessment of colocalization with IHC as well as quantitative analyses were used. IHC sections were incubated with antibodies CP‐13 (recognizing early tangle maturity) and PHF‐1 (recognizing middling tangle maturity). Result A total of 38 participants were examined. The participants included a spectrum from normal to AD, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and atypical AD. Participants with N279K (4R), P301L (4R), and R406W MAPT mutations (3R+4R) were included as well. Both the tracers showed strong binding to AD tau aggregates and no or minimal binding to non‐AD tauopathies. Generally, early tangle maturity tau accumulation participants had more tau demonstrated with CP‐13 than PHF‐1 and both the tracers [18F]MK 6240 and [18F]AV 1451 binding are well correlated with the PHF‐1 staining suggesting the preference for middling tangle level and minimal to early tangles. Conclusion The emergence and validation of these new tau PET tracers have opened new opportunities for the development of more accurate diagnostic and management tools for AD. In our study on post‐mortem sections, [ 18 F]MK‐6240 and [ 18 F]Flortaucipir showed similar binding profiles with preference to middling tangle maturity levels.

Abstract Background Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor–related disorder (CSF1R‐RD) is a rare, rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease with significant clinical heterogeneity. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism, known to modulate microglial function and influence neurodegeneration, may act as a genetic modifier in CSF1R‐RD. Objectives The objectives were to evaluate the distribution of ApoE alleles in CSF1R‐RD and assess their association with clinical and neuropathological features. Methods ApoE genotyping was performed in 55 individuals with CSF1R‐RD. Clinical data from 25 deceased patients were analyzed based on ApoE genotype. Neuropathological evaluation was conducted on brain tissue from 14 patients, with semiquantitative scoring of white matter pathology and microglial burden. Statistical comparisons were made between carriers and noncarriers of the ApoE4 allele. Results ApoE allele frequencies in CSF1R‐RD mirrored those of the general population (ε2: 7.3%, ε3: 79.1%, ε4: 13.6%). However, ApoE4 carriers exhibited significantly earlier symptom onset (median: 37.9 vs. 50.3 years, p = 0.0123) and death (median: 41.1 vs. 55.2 years, p = 0.0072). Neuropathological analysis revealed more severe white matter involvement and reduced microglial preservation in ApoE4 carriers ( p = 0.034). Conclusions Although ApoE allele distribution does not differ from the general population, the presence of the ApoE4 allele may influence the clinical trajectory and white matter pathology in CSF1R‐RD. These findings suggest that ApoE polymorphism is a potential modifier of disease course and should be considered in therapeutic planning and future research. © 2026 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.