Citations

Background: Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is an extracellular matrix protein not previously described in the human central nervous system (CNS). Objectives: We determined MFAP4 CNS expression and measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum levels. Methods: Tissue was sampled at autopsy from patients with acute multiple sclerosis (MS) ( n = 3), progressive MS ( n = 3), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) ( n = 2), and controls ( n = 9), including 6 healthy controls (HC). MFAP4 levels were measured in 152 patients: 49 MS, 62 NMOSD, 22 myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease (MOGAD), and 19 isolated optic neuritis (ION). Results: MFAP4 localized to meninges and vascular/perivascular spaces, intense in the optic nerve. At sites of active inflammation, MFAP4 reactivity was reduced in NMOSD and acute MS and less in progressive MS. CSF MFAP4 levels were reduced during relapse and at the onset of diseases (mean U/mL: MS 14.3, MOGAD 9.7, and ION 14.6 relative to HC 17.9. ( p = 0.013, p = 0.000, and p = 0.019, respectively). Patients with acute ON ( n = 68) had reduced CSF MFAP4 (mean U/mL: 14.5, p = 0.006). CSF MFAP4 levels correlated negatively with relapse severity (rho = −0.41, p = 0.017). Conclusion: MFAP4 immunoreactivity was reduced at sites of active inflammation. CSF levels of MFAP4 were reduced following relapse and may reflect disease activity.

Abstract Background Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is caused by IgG-mediated disruption of certain voltage-gated Ca2+-channel (VGCC) functions and diminished peripheral motor nerve-stimulated release of acetylcholine by presynaptic terminals at the neuromuscular junction and selected autonomic synapses. Both P/Q-type (Cav2.1) and N-type (Cav.2) channels are the targets of IgG-mediated autoimmunity in LEMS. Functional presynaptic VGCCs at the healthy mature mammalian neuromuscular junction are P/Q-type. About 60% of LEMS cases are paraneoplastic, of which a majority are associated with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC-LEMS). LEMS can also have a non-paraneoplastic etiology (idiopathic, non-tumor LEMS [NT-LEMS]). It is important to have reliable autoantibody biomarkers to aid the serological diagnosis of LEMS and to distinguish between SCLC-LEMS and NT-LEMS, because the treatment and prognosis differ. Previous studies have reported seropositivity for SOX1/AGNA-1-IgG in ∼ 64% of SCLC-LEMS cases, but in no NT-LEMS cases. When coexisting with P/Q-type VGCC IgG in LEMS patients, IgGs of both N-type VGCC and SOX1/AGNA-1 IgG specificities have been suggested as useful biomarkers for predicting SCLC. Here we compared the clinical utility of serological tests for P/Q-type and N-type VGCCs and SOX1/AGNA-1 IgGs as diagnostic aids for LEMS and for differentiating paraneoplastic from idiopathic LEMS. Methods This is a retrospective study of 102 patients with a clinical (electrophysiologically confirmed) diagnosis of LEMS who were tested for both P/Q-type and N-type VGCC IgGs by radioimmunoprecipitation assays performed at the Mayo Clinic Neuroimmunology Laboratory. 95 patients had comprehensive clinical screening for cancer; 66 had NT-LEMS, 21 had SCLC-LEMS and 8 had LEMS with non-SCLC cancers. Historical data were reviewed retrospectively. Of the NT-LEMS and SCLC-LEMS patients, 76 were tested for SOX1/AGNA-1 IgG. 122 healthy sex and age-matched controls were tested. Results Among the 102 LEMS patients, 92 (90%) were P/Q-VGCC IgG positive (P/Q+) and 26 (26%) were N-VGCC IgG positive (N+); 67 (66%) were P/Q+ only, 1 (0.9%) was N+ only, 25 (25%) were P/Q+N+, and 9 (9%) were seronegative for both. Three of the 122 healthy control subjects (2.5%) were N+ only, the rest were seronegative. The frequency of isolated N-type VGCC seropositivity did not differ significantly for LEMS patients and healthy controls (P = 0.69). All 21 SCLC-LEMS cases (100%) were P/Q-VGCC IgG positive, compared with 58 of the 66 NT-LEMS cases (88%). The rate of N-type VGCC IgG positivity in P/Q+ LEMS patients did not differ significantly for SCLC-LEMS (5 of 21) and NT-LEMS (13 of 58) diagnoses (24% vs 22%, P = 0.90). The frequency of SOX1/AGNA-1 IgG was 35% for the SCLC-LEMS cases (7 of 20), but none of the NT-LEMS cases (n = 56) was SOX1/AGNA-1 IgG positive. Conclusion N-type VGCC improved neither sensitivity for LEMS nor positive predictive value for cancer and has limited diagnostic utility in assessing patients with suspected LEMS. PQ-type VGCC IgG negativity does not exclude a diagnosis of LEMS. SOX1/AGNA-1 positivity has high specificity but low sensitivity for SCLC. Therefore, while antibody testing confirms a diagnosis of autoimmune LEMS, electrophysiology (to confirm neurological diagnosis) and body imaging (for cancer detection) remain important for the diagnostic evaluation.

Abstract Background Ma-2 is a neuronal nucleolar protein with purported involvement in RNA transcription and apoptosis regulation. Patients with Ma2 antibodies present with autoimmune encephalitis (limbic or brainstem). Ma-2 antibodies are a high-risk marker for paraneoplastic neurologic cause for autoimmune encephalitis (>75% of patients having either testicular cancer or non-small cell lung cancer). In older patients, there is a higher frequency of small cell lung cancer or other cancers especially when Ma 1 antibodies are also detected. Identification of Ma2 antibodies is important to help diagnose autoimmune encephalitis, guide the cancer search and aid treatment selection. The objective of this study was to develop and document the performance of a qualitative enzymatically amplified sandwich-type Ma2 Antibody ELISA. Methods The Ma2 ELISA was produced in-house utilizing commercially available protein and was performed on a Hamilton Star liquid handling instrument equipped with a plate washer and plate reader. Each assay plate included patient samples along with 3 independent negative serum calibrators and 4 quality controls (Both positive and negative controls per matrix [CSF or serum]) each tested in duplicate. Mean optical densities (OD) for patient specimens were compared to the average OD of the negative serum calibrators to generate a ratio. A ratio cut-off of 8 was selected for reporting positivity based on preliminary studies and was validated during the method performance assessment. To assess assay performance we measured precision (3 positive pools at or above the cut-off ratio for each specimen type were tested 20 times in one assay and in duplicate across 10 independent assays), accuracy comparing to the current reference method at Athena® Diagnostics (N = 10 positives / 40 negatives), analytical specificity (20 samples with high titer autoantibodies directed against other proteins), and the impact of common interferences (lipids, bilirubin, hemolysate were spiked into 2 positive and 1 negative sample per interference). Clinical performance of the assay for differentiating healthy donors without disease (N = 140) and those with non-Ma2 neurological autoimmunity (N = 23) from those with clinical phenotypes consistent with Ma-2 associated encephalitis (N = 8) was measured. Results Serum intra-assay imprecision (coefficient of variation; %CV) ranged from 3.0–6.5%. Inter-assay imprecision ranged from 21–29%. CSF intra-assay imprecision ranged from 3.5–10%. Inter-assay imprecision ranged from 13–15.5%. Accuracy was assessed via qualitative comparison to a reference method [western blot or nanoliter scale immunoassay]. There was perfect agreement between methods. To assess analytical specificity, samples with high concentrations of immunoglobulins (hypergammaglobulinemia [N = 10] or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [N = 10]) were tested in serum (and spiked into CSF); all were negative. Interference studies were conducted on 2 positive Ma2 serum and CSF samples, spiked for highly hemolytic (1000 mg/dL), lipemic (2000 mg/dL) and icteric (60 mg/dL) conditions. All samples remained positive under given interferents. A negative sample was tested for each matrix, both remained negative. Clinical specificity was 100% with all samples from patients without Ma-2 encephalitis testing negative (N = 183). All ELISA positives identified in this study had phenotypes consistent with Ma-2 autoimmune encephalitis (N = 8). Conclusion The performance of the Ma2 ELISA was acceptable for clinical laboratory implementation.