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Background: Contemporary data on trends in survival after incident atrial fibrillation (AF) are limited. Methods: Residents of a 27-county area in southern Minnesota and western Wisconsin with new-onset atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter between 2013 and 2023 were identified. An electronic algorithm requiring 1 inpatient code or 2 outpatient codes separated by >7 days but within 1 year was used to define AF. Patients were followed for all-cause mortality through March 31, 2025. Standardized mortality ratios of observed versus expected survival were calculated, and time trends in survival were examined using Cox regression adjusting for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbid conditions, and area-level measures of socioeconomic status and rurality. Results: There were 44,930 individuals identified with incident AF from 2013-2023 (56.4% male; mean (SD) age 72.8 (13.5) years; 95.8% were non-Hispanic white). Within the first 90 days, the risk of all-cause mortality was greatly elevated compared with individuals of a similar age and sex distribution in the general population (standardized mortality ratios 12.6, 95% CI, 12.1-13.0 and 3.8, 95% CI, 3.6-4.0 for the first 30 days and 31 to 90 days after diagnosis, respectively). This excess risk was observed for all age groups but was greatest in the youngest age group (standardized mortality ratios among 18-64 year olds for the first 30 days: 49.9, 95% CI, 44.6-55.7 and 31 to 90 days: 11.1, 95% CI: 9.4-13.1; Figure ). In the youngest age group, the excess risk persists through 5 years post AF, however, in the oldest age group the excess risk only persisted through 1 year. Survival within the first 90 days improved over the study period (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.88; 95% CI, 0.79-0.99 for 2023 vs 2013); likewise, among 90-day survivors, survival improved between 2013 and 2023 (aHR,0.82; 95% CI, 0.76-0.88). These trends were driven by improvements in the younger age groups, particularly for death among 90-day survivors (aHR for 18-64 years, 0.66, 95% CI, 0.52-0.83; 65-74 years: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.65-0.90; 75-84 years, 0.84, 95% CI: 0.75-0.95; 85+ years, 0.99, 95% CI: 0.98-1.01). Conclusion: In a Midwestern community, the excess risk of death is high within the first 90 days after incident AF. Furthermore, survival after AF has improved between 2013 and 2023, with the improvement greatest in younger age groups.

ABSTRACT Introduction Frailty is increasingly recognized as an important determinant of outcomes in cardiovascular disease, yet its population‐level impact among patients hospitalized with cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections remains incompletely defined. We examined the prevalence of frailty and its association with clinical outcomes and utilization of transvenous lead removal (TLR) in a contemporary national cohort. Methods and Results We analyzed the National Readmissions Database from 2016–2021 to identify adults hospitalized for CIED infections. Frailty was defined using the Johns Hopkins adjusted clinical groups frailty‐defining diagnoses. Of 288,402 patients hospitalized with CIED infections, 25.1% were classified as frail. Frail patients experienced significantly higher in‐hospital mortality (10.8% vs. 4.6%), 30‐day mortality (9.2% vs. 5.5%), complications, longer length of stay, lower rates of discharge home, and higher 30‐day readmissions compared with non‐frail patients (all p < 0.01). TLR was performed less frequently in frail patients (10.8% vs. 13.4%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.80, 95% CI 0.76–0.83). On adjusted analyses, TLR was independently associated with lower in‐hospital mortality, 30‐day mortality, and 30‐day readmissions in both frail and non‐frail patients. Conclusion Among patients hospitalized with CIED infections, TLR was independently associated with lower mortality and readmissions in both frail and non‐frail patients, despite lower utilization in frail individuals. Frailty was common (25.1%) and independently associated with significantly worse outcomes. These findings highlight important associations between frailty, treatment patterns, and outcomes that warrant prospective evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) originating from the left ventricular summit may be unsuccessful, highlighting the need for alternative approaches. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a novel dual-modality focal catheter in treating left ventricular summit PVCs in patients who had failed previous RF ablation. METHODS: Patients were prospectively enrolled and underwent a redo ablation procedure using an irrigated, contact-force sensing, dual-modality focal catheter (TactiFlex Duo, Abbott) under compassionate use indication. The ablation strategy, including the choice of energy modality (monopolar pulsed field [PF], RF, or both), was left to the operator’s discretion. Safety assessments included serial biomarkers, renal function, and CMR within 36 hours. Efficacy was defined as ≥80% reduction in PVC burden with symptom resolution at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: Six consecutive patients (4 men; mean age, 53.8±15 years) with symptomatic left ventricular summit PVCs and a prior failed RF ablation (range, 1–2) were prospectively enrolled. All PVCs had an inferior axis, with a left bundle V1 morphology observed in 4 of 6 cases (mean burden, 30.1±5.3%). Acute suppression of PVCs was achieved in all cases. Acute suppression with a single PF application in the great cardiac vein-anterior interventricular vein occurred in 2 patients, while 3 patients required additional RF, PF, or combined RF+PF applications at adjacent sites. One patient with an inaccessible great cardiac vein-anterior interventricular vein was successfully treated in the left ventricular outflow tract with RF+PF application. Transient, reversible left anterior descending vasospasm was observed during PF delivery in 2 of 5 cases that underwent PF application adjacent to a coronary artery, despite pretreatment with intracoronary nitroglycerin without ECG or hemodynamic sequelae. All patients had durable suppression of PVCs at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In its first human application, dual-modality ablation was feasible and effective for refractory left ventricular summit PVCs. Transient coronary vasospasm occurred, though it was reversible and without acute clinical consequences.

Abstract Background Knowing the prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) and the increasing number of people who inject drugs (PWID) with right-sided infective endocarditis (RSIE), we aimed to better characterize the syndrome of injection drug use, RSIE, and PFO with systemic embolic events. Method A systematic search across multiple databases was independently screened using predefined criteria (from inception until September 2025). Published cases of adult PWID diagnosed with RSIE and ischemic stroke or other systemic embolic event were included, provided they had PFO assessment. Individuals were excluded if they had cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections or any other conditions associated with systemic or paradoxical embolism. Results The review identified 13 studies with 14 young patients, mostly without comorbidities, predominantly infected with Staphylococcus aureus. In most cases, echocardiography revealed large tricuspid valve vegetations. Neuroimaging confirmed multiple ischemic infarcts, while 5 patients showed emboli outside the central nervous system (4 of them as the only systemic embolism). At least 11 (79%) patients had echocardiographic evidence of right-to-left shunting. Management included cardiac surgery in 6 cases that involved valve replacement or repair, percutaneous PFO closure in 2 cases, and percutaneous mechanical aspiration in 1 case. Three patients (21%) died during hospitalization, and only 27.3% patients had outpatient follow-up. Conclusions RSIE with systemic embolism in PWID with PFO has rarely been reported, affects younger patients without sex predominance, and was usually due to S. aureus with large tricuspid vegetations. Right-to-left shunting was characteristic, and outcomes were poor despite combined medical, surgical, and interventional therapies.

ABSTRACT Background Concomitant atrial fibrillation (AF) and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding present a clinical challenge due to recurrent bleeding risk associated with anticoagulation for AF‐associated stroke prevention. Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) offers an alternative stroke prevention strategy, but its impact on recurrent GI bleeding remains unknown. Methods This retrospective, multicenter cohort study used the TriNetX database to identify adults with AF on oral anticoagulation and a history of GI bleeding. Patients were stratified by treatment with or without LAAO. 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was employed. The primary outcome was recurrent GI bleeding. Cox regression analysis was used to generate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Odds ratios (ORs) were used to evaluate effect sizes between groups. Kaplan–Meier curves were used for time‐to‐event analyses. Results After PSM, 9259 patients were compared in each group. Odds of recurrent GI bleeding were consistently lower in patients undergoing LAAO than without LAAO across all follow‐up intervals: at 3 months (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.78–0.91), 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years (OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.82–0.92). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated significantly lower risk of recurrent GI bleeding with LAAO (HR 0.80; 95% CI 0.76–0.84; p < 0.01). Conclusion In patients with AF and prior GI bleeding, LAAO was associated with a significantly lower risk of recurrent GI bleeding at short‐term and long‐term time intervals.

Abstract Introduction High-power short-duration (HPSD) ablation has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional power delivery (CPD) for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, its efficacy, procedural efficiency, and safety profile remain uncertain. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.Gov databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing HPSD with CPD ablation for PVI in patients with AF. Random-effects models were used to pool hazard ratios (HR) and risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Seven RCTs with 1,006 patients (514 HPSD, 489 CPD) were included. No significant differences were found in freedom from arrhythmia during the follow-up period (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.41–1.45; p=0.424). AF recurrence did not differ (RR 0.94; 95% CI 0.65–1.36; p=0.733) between groups. HPSD had a significantly shorter procedural (MD -22.61 min; 95% CI -33.18, -12.04; p&lt;0.001) and RF ablation (MD -15.70 min; 95% CI -20.86, -10.55; p&lt;0.001) times, with comparable fluoroscopy time (MD 0 min; 95% CI -0.44, 0.45; p=0.99) between groups. Conclusion In patients with AF undergoing PVI, HPSD did not increase freedom from arrhythmia as compared with CPD ablation, however it was associated with shorter procedure and RF ablation times. These findings suggest that HPSD may be a more efficient approach without compromising clinical outcomes.

Abstract Background Many patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) suffer life-limiting symptoms and heart failure. Although enormous advances in rhythm control have been made, device-based therapies for treating recurrent episodes are limited. Using pulsed electric fields (PEF) to induce reversible electroporation of cardiac tissue may effectively terminate AF. Purpose To assess the feasibility of PEF delivery for converting atrial arrhythmias via reversible electroporation. Methods Four swine models were used in this acute study. Custom-made decapolar catheters for PEF delivery were deployed with the following configurations: 1. Endocardial right atrium (RA) and coronary sinus (CS), n=2; 2. Endocardial RA and epicardial left atrium (epiLA), n=2. AF and atrial flutter (AFL) were induced with programmed stimulation. PEF delivery was performed using the BTX 830 generator. For each attempt, a single monophasic pulse at 10 or 20µs pulse width was administered, with voltage varied across attempts (range 750-3000V). Successful (type 1 and 2 breaks) and unsuccessful conversion attempts were recorded. Post-PEF signal changes and arrhythmias were identified. Results A total of 58 AF/AFL (28 and 30 respectively) episodes were induced. Of the 37 successful conversion attempts, 33 (89.1%) were type 1 breaks. Conversion success probabilities generally increased with higher voltages for both configurations. &gt;70% conversion success was seen with ≥1500V for the RA/CS configuration and ≥2000V for the RA/epiLA configuration. Arrhythmias including intra-atrial delay and high-grade atrioventricular block were seen, usually following successive PEF deliveries. Significant muscle stimulation was provoked with the current experimental setup. Conclusion Termination of atrial arrhythmias with PEF delivery is feasible, although further work is required to optimize its efficacy and safety.

Abstract Background Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death worldwide. Defibrillation via direct current shocks is effective but associated with significant pain and morbidity, prompting the need for alternative approaches. Reversible electroporation of cardiac tissue with pulsed electric fields (PEF) may be an effective means of terminating VF. Purpose To assess the feasibility of PEF delivery for terminating VF. Methods 5 acute swine models were used. Mechanical circulatory support with peripheral veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation +/- percutaneous left ventricular assist device (Impella 5.5 L) was implemented and titrated to a mean arterial pressure ≥65 mmHg. Decapolar catheters were introduced into the endocardial right and/or left ventricle as well as epicardium. VF was induced with R on T shocks or rapid ventricular pacing. PEF was delivered with the endocardial catheter as the cathode and epicardial catheter as the anode; monophasic pulses (5-10) at 3000V, 100µs, and 200ms inter-pulse intervals were used. If VF persisted post-PEF, catheters were repositioned into regions of intact voltages for repeat delivery. Results 10 VF episodes were induced, 7 of which were successfully terminated with PEF delivery (70.0%). The median number of attempts to achieve VF termination was 2 (range 1-5). The post-VF rhythm was complete heart block with ventricular asystole in all successful defibrillation attempts, with no recovery after 30 minutes of observation. Significant muscle stimulation was seen with the utilized PEF parameters and catheter configurations. Conclusion Termination of VF using PEF – pulsed field defibrillation – is possible. However, further study is required to optimize delivery parameters/configurations to improve effectiveness and avoid muscle stimulation as well as conduction abnormalities.

Abstract Background Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is a well-established therapeutic option associated with decreased mortality in patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. However, the indications for patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) are not well established since these patients were underrepresented in the trials validating ICD use. Purpose This systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis aims to synthetize the available evidence in the literature on the role and outcomes of ICD in CCC. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and LILACS registries was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Studies evaluating the response to ICD in CCC were included. There were no language restrictions. Data were collected and synthesized using a meta-analysis of proportions with Freeman-Tukey double-arcsine transformation as needed. Results We included 14 observational studies and 1 randomized clinical trial (RCT), comprising 1315 patients with CCC. Mean age at ICD implantation was 58.2 ± 11.8, 65% were male, and 77% received an ICD for secondary prevention. During a mean follow up of 37.3 ± 37.0 months, the all-cause death rate was 22% (95% CI 15 to 29%; Figure 1A), the cardiovascular death rate was 16% (95% CI 11 to 22%; Figure 1B), the sudden cardiac death rate was 3% (95% CI 2 to 5%), and the non-cardiovascular death rate was 7% (95% CI 2 to 5%). In addition, 55% (95% CI 43 to 67%; Figure 1C) of patients received ≥1 appropriate ICD therapy (shocks or antitachycardia pacing), 8% (95% CI 5 to 12%) received inappropriate ICD shocks, and 23% (95% CI 11 to 37%) experienced electrical storms. Conclusion Despite ICD, the mortality rate in patients with CCC remains unacceptably high, primarily driven by cardiovascular causes, with frequent appropriate ICD therapies and electrical storms. Further studies are needed to better delineate the benefits and risks of ICD therapy in patients with CCC.Figure 1

Abstract Background Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) are a proximate mechanism of sudden cardiac death, yet national patterns in place of death (POD) and their determinants remain sparsely described. We quantified 25-year trends and factors associated with POD among UAs decedents in the United States. Methods We analyzed CDC WONDER Multiple Cause of Death data (1999–2024) for adults ≥25 years with ventricular arrhythmias (ICD-10 I47.2, I49.0) as underlying cause. POD was categorized as inpatient, outpatient/emergency department (ED), home, hospice/nursing, or other/unknown. Covariates included age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and urbanization. We calculated Annual and Average Annual Percent Changes (AAPCs and APC) using Age-Adjusted Mortality Rates (AAMRs), and fit multinomial logistic regression (reference = inpatient) to obtain adjusted odds ratios (ORs, 95% CIs). Results Among 433,988 ventricular arrhythmia (VA) deaths, POD was inpatient 62.0%, outpatient/ED 18.1%, home 11.1%, hospice/nursing 5.8%, other 3.1%. Inpatient deaths increased from 57.8% (1999) to 66.1% (2024). AAMRs declined sharply from 13.3 per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.3–6.5 during 2010–2019, then rose to 7.4 in 2021 and fell to 6.8 in 2024. In home vs inpatient: ≥85 years, medium/small metropolitan counties and rural counties had higher odds of VA deaths, whereas younger age groups, females, Black, American Indian, Asian/Pacific Islander individuals and Hispanic individuals had lower odds. In outpatient/ED vs inpatient: 25–44 years, 45–64 years, males, Black, American Indian and Asian/Pacific Islander individuals had higher odds, whereas ≥85 years and females had lower odds. In hospice/nursing facilities: ≥85 years, females, Whites, non-Hispanic individuals, medium/small metropolitan counties and rural counties had higher odds of VA deaths, whereas younger age groups, Black, American Indian, Asian/Pacific Islander individuals and Hispanic individuals had markedly lower odds. Conclusion From 1999–2024, VA deaths shifted toward hospitals. Persistent disparities by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and rurality highlight the need to expand equitable advance care planning and device deactivation discussions.