Citations

ABSTRACT Clinical worsening events are increasingly recognized as a meaningful outcome in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We applied machine‐learning models to real‐world data to identify clinical features that may predict clinical worsening events in PAH. Data were obtained retrospectively from the electronic health records of adults diagnosed with PAH at Mayo Clinic locations (January 2015–December 2019). Machine‐learning LASSO regularized logistic regression models were developed to analyze the association between 100 clinical features and occurrence of clinical worsening events. In total, 455 patients were included (mean age 62.1 years; 59.3% female). Of these, 232 (51.0%) experienced a clinical worsening event after a median (quartile 1, quartile 3) of 10.9 (4.1, 21.4) months. The best‐performing model had an area under the curve of 0.78, sensitivity of 78%, and specificity of 59%. The model identified 11 clinical features associated with clinical worsening events in PAH with a non‐zero coefficient: baseline age, body mass index (BMI), creatinine level, red cell (erythrocyte) distribution width (RDW), mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, sodium concentration, and QT interval, along with dyspnea, number of clinic visits, and other forms of heart disease within a 1‐month window before a clinical worsening event. Baseline RDW and BMI, and number of clinic visits within the 1‐month window were statistically significantly associated with clinical worsening events. Our study used machine‐learning models to identify clinical features associated with risk of clinical worsening events in PAH. Automation of risk prediction could lead to earlier therapeutic intervention to optimize patient outcomes.

Background. Assessment tools in surgical education help identify improvement areas for trainees. We developed and present validity evidence for a novel Transplant Operative Assessment Tool to optimize technical feedback for surgical trainees in transplantation. Methods. The Transplant Operative Assessment Tool assesses learners on anatomy, technical skills, judgment, and communication. Performance is rated across 5 competency levels. Content validity evidence included a construct map using existing literature and expert cognitive interviews. Ratings were used to develop an item response theory calibration, which was then used to evaluate the tool and provide validity evidence. Results. Eighty-two assessments for 28 trainees (16 residents, 12 fellows) were completed by 25 faculty surgeons across 4 programs. Fifty-six kidney transplants, 13 liver transplants, and 13 donor nephrectomies were assessed. The mean assessment completion time was 4.1 ± 4.3 min. Internal structure validity was evaluated by calculating item infit (range, 0.86–1.15), indicating a strong model fit and confirming a high quality of items. Internal consistency was also high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.94). There was a positive correlation between ratings and training level ( P < 0.01), indicating strong discriminatory power. Warm ischemia time for transplant operations did not correlate with performance ( P = 0.16). Conclusions. These data provide validity evidence for a novel operative assessment tool. This instrument can measure performance, monitor progress, document competency, and has the potential to provide valuable feedback.

ABSTRACT Background Ureteral stents are commonly placed during kidney transplantation (KT) to mitigate urologic complications. The objective of this study was to compare clinical outcomes in KT recipients with either early stent removal when attached to the Foley catheter or late removal via cystoscopy when unattached. Methods We conducted a multi‐center retrospective analysis of consecutive living donor KT patients (8/18/21‐4/21/23) stratified into Foley‐attached and unattached stent groups. Outcomes assessed were ureteral stricture, urine leaks, UTIs at 90 days and allograft failure and BKV DNAemia (BK virus DNAemia) at 1 year. Data are reported as mean and standard deviation. Results Among 247 patients with attached and 260 with unattached stents, baseline demographics (age, sex, diabetes) were similar between groups. There was a difference in race (87.9% vs. 77.8% Caucasian; p = 0.004). Foley catheters remained longer in the attached group (3.7 ± 1.8 vs. 3.0 ± 2.0 days; p < 0.001), but stents were removed earlier (3.7 ± 1.8 vs. 21.9 ± 4.7 days; p < 0.001). Comparing attached versus unattached, there were no differences in ureteral stricture (0.4% vs. 1.5%; p = 0.197), urine leak (0.8% vs. 0.4%; p = 0.533), BKV DNAemia (17.7% vs. 16.9%; p = 0.616), or allograft failure (0% vs. 0.8%; p = 0.167). However, UTI incidence by 90 days was lower in the attached group (5.7% vs. 11.9% p = 0.013). Induction therapy differed significantly between groups, with Alemtuzumab more common in the unattached group (58.1% vs. 19.4%, p < 0.001), Basiliximab more common in the attached group (43.3% vs. 35.0%, p < 0.001), and Thymoglobulin more common in the attached group (36.0% vs. 6.9%, p < 0.001). Baseline steroid use was higher in the unattached group (81.9% vs. 57.9%, p < 0.001). Conclusion Early stent removal via connection to the Foley catheter had similarly low rates of ureteral complications while reducing urinary tract infections and avoiding cystoscopic removal.

Obesity is highly prevalent in hepatology clinics and has a significant impact on chronic liver disease and patient management. Hepatologists and gastroenterologists need to be actively engaged in the management of obesity. This review provides a detailed approach to this challenging comorbidity.