Citations

Abstract Aims Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common valvular disorder associated with ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in a subgroup of patients, known as arrhythmic MVP (AMVP). Arrhythmic MVP patients with malignant VAs typically receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for secondary prevention. However, data regarding the incidence of appropriate ICD therapy and the type of arrhythmia recurrence in this population remain scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of appropriate ICD therapies and type of arrhythmia recurrence in AMVP patients with an ICD implanted for secondary prevention. Methods and results A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases until January 2025. Studies reporting the incidence of appropriate ICD therapy in AMVP patients were included. A total of 9 studies met the inclusion criteria, resulting in 166 AMVP patients with ICDs for secondary prevention. The mean age was 41.8 years, with 55.8% of patients being female. Over a weighted mean follow-up of 4.9 ± 3.1 years, 34.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 28.1–42.5] of the patients experienced recurrence of VA. The pooled incidence of appropriate ICD therapies during follow-up was 8.1 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 5.6–10.5, I2: 11.7%). Regarding the type of arrhythmic recurrence, the majority of arrhythmias (53.8%, 95% CI: 44.3–63.0%) were in the form of ventricular fibrillation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT), while the remaining arrhythmias were reported as monomorphic VT. Among 67 ventricular arrhythmic episodes reported in 7 studies with available data, 65 required shock therapy, corresponding to a shock proportion of 97.0% (95% CI: 89.6–99.6%). Conclusion Arrhythmic MVP patients with ICDs for secondary prevention exhibit a high risk of recurrent arrhythmias, with recurrences in the form of polymorphic VA occurring in more than half of the cases. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024588610

ABSTRACT J‐wave syndromes (JWS)—comprising Brugada syndrome (BrS) and early repolarization syndrome (ERS)—are important causes of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients whose hearts appear structurally normal. Since the 2016 consensus, advances in genetics, pathophysiology, and therapy have redefined both understanding and management. BrS, once viewed as a purely electrical disorder, is now recognized along a microstructural–electrical continuum, with sodium‐channel dysfunction and subtle epicardial fibrosis of the right ventricular outflow tract as key contributors. Likewise, ERS—historically considered benign—carries significant risk when inferolateral J‐waves coexist with arrhythmic events. Genetically, SCN5A remains the sole gene with definitive disease association, while polygenic susceptibility materially modulates risk, underscoring complex inheritance. Risk stratification remains challenging: patients with prior cardiac arrest or arrhythmic syncope are highest risk, whereas asymptomatic individuals warrant multiparametric assessment integrating clinical features, ECG markers, electrophysiologic studies, and genetics. For decades, treatment centered on implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators and quinidine, both limited by availability, tolerance, and device complications. More recently, epicardial substrate ablation has emerged as a transformative therapy, with large registries and randomized trials demonstrating durable suppression of ventricular fibrillation and acceptable safety. This APHRS‐organized international consensus updates and extends the 2016 Expert Consensus and the 2022 ESC Guidelines, providing contemporary diagnostic frameworks, pragmatic risk‐stratification tools, and treatment algorithms for BrS and ERS. It emphasizes JWS as a microstructural–electrical disease spectrum and elevates substrate ablation as a major therapeutic advance, while outlining priorities for genetics, risk‐stratification and treatment algorithms.

Brugada syndrome (BrS), early repolarization syndrome (ERS), and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (iVF) have long been considered primary electrical disorders associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. However, recent studies have revealed the presence of subtle microstructural abnormalities of the extracellular matrix in some cases of BrS, ERS, and iVF, particularly within right ventricular subepicardial myocardium. Substrate-based ablation within this region has been shown to ameliorate the electrocardiographic phenotype and to reduce arrhythmia frequency in BrS. Patients with ERS and iVF may also exhibit low-voltage and fractionated electrograms in the ventricular subepicardial myocardium, which can be treated with ablation. A significant proportion of patients with BrS and ERS, as well as some iVF survivors, harbor pathogenic variants in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, SCN5A , but the majority of genetic susceptibility of these disorders is likely to be polygenic. Here, we postulate that BrS, ERS, and iVF may form part of a spectrum of subtle subepicardial cardiomyopathy. We propose that impaired sodium current, along with genetic and environmental susceptibility, precipitates a reduction in epicardial conduction reserve, facilitating current-to-load mismatch at sites of structural discontinuity, giving rise to electrocardiographic changes and the arrhythmogenic substrate.

Background: Sudden cardiac death because of ventricular fibrillation (VF) is commonly unexplained in younger victims. Detailed electrophysiological mapping in such patients has not been reported. Methods: We evaluated 24 patients (29±13 years) who survived idiopathic VF. First, we used multielectrode body surface recordings to identify the drivers maintaining VF. Then, we analyzed electrograms in the driver regions using endocardial and epicardial catheter mapping during sinus rhythm. Established electrogram criteria were used to identify the presence of structural alterations. Results: VF occurred spontaneously in 3 patients and was induced in 16, whereas VF was noninducible in 5. VF mapping demonstrated reentrant and focal activities (87% versus 13%, respectively) in all. The activities were dominant in one ventricle in 9 patients, whereas they had biventricular distribution in others. During sinus rhythm areas of abnormal electrograms were identified in 15/24 patients (62.5%) revealing localized structural alterations: in the right ventricle in 11, the left ventricle in 1, and both in 3. They covered a limited surface (13±6 cm 2 ) representing 5±3% of the total surface and were recorded predominantly on the epicardium. Seventy-six percent of these areas were colocated with VF drivers ( P <0.001). In the 9 patients without structural alteration, we observed a high incidence of Purkinje triggers (7/9 versus 4/15, P =0.033). Catheter ablation resulted in arrhythmia-free outcome in 15/18 patients at 17±11 months follow-up. Conclusions: This study shows that localized structural alterations underlie a significant subset of previously unexplained sudden cardiac death. In the other subset, Purkinje electrical pathology seems as a dominant mechanism.