Citations

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine factors that are associated with aggression that is responsive versus refractory to individualized optimization of stimulant monotherapy among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Children who were aged 6 to 13 years and had ADHD, either oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder, significant aggressive behavior, and a history of insufficient response to stimulants completed an open stimulant monotherapy optimization protocol. Stimulant titration with weekly assessments of behavior and tolerability identified an optimal regimen for each child. Families also received behavioral therapy. Parents completed the Retrospective-Modified Overt Aggression Scale (R-MOAS) at each visit. Children were classified as having stimulant-refractory aggression on the basis of R-MOAS ratings and clinician judgment. Differences that pertained to treatment, demographic, and psychopathology between groups with stimulant monotherapy–responsive and –refractory aggression were evaluated. RESULTS: Aggression among 32 (49.3%) of 65 children was reduced sufficiently after stimulant dosage adjustment and behavioral therapy to preclude adjunctive medication. Those who responded to stimulant monotherapy were more likely to benefit from the protocol's methylphenidate preparation (once-daily, triphasic release), showed a trend for lower average dosages, and received fewer behavioral therapy sessions than did children with stimulant-refractory aggression. Boys, especially those with higher ratings of baseline aggression and of depressive and manic symptoms, more often exhibited stimulant-refractory aggression. CONCLUSIONS: Among children whose aggressive behavior develops in the context of ADHD and of oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder, and who had insufficient response to previous stimulant treatment in routine clinical care, systematic, well-monitored titration of stimulant monotherapy often culminates in reduced aggression that averts the need for additional agents.

Abstract Background: The locations of most of the 361 classical acupuncture points are determined in clinical practice by measuring their traditionally described positions using the cun system. Some data suggest the routinely taught methods of cun measurement may lead to inaccurate acupoint localizations. Objectives: To determine the accuracy of the traditional cun measuring techniques in localizing acupoints LU 4 and TE 8 compared with tape measure determination of their optimal locations, and to assess if the ability to accurately localize these points correlates with the length of acupuncture experience. Design, Setting, and Participants: Nonrandomized, experimental study conducted with 20 physician-acupuncturists on 2 adult volunteers at a medical acupuncture conference in Fall 2009. Eleven acupuncturists independently marked the location of LU 4, and 9 acupuncturists marked the location of TE 8 by traditional cun measuring techniques on the 2 volunteers, utilizing a novel point-marking method that blinded each acupuncturist from the others' point location findings. The optimal locations for the 2 acupoints were determined by direct measurement using a tape measure. Main Outcome Measures: Distances in millimeters of the clinicians' acupuncture point localizations from the optimal point positions. Results: For LU 4, the mean inaccuracy in locating this point using traditional measurement methods was 22.3 mm (range, 5-44 mm; SD = 10.9 mm). For TE 8, the mean inaccuracy was 8.4 mm (range, 1-21 mm; SD = 5.4 mm). Years of acupuncture experience (≤10 vs >10) did not affect the accuracy of clinicians' point localizations. Conclusions: Traditional cun methods routinely used to locate acupuncture points can produce enough inaccuracy in point localization that incorrect nearby acupoints could be needled inadvertently, irrespective of the amount of clinical experience of the acupuncturist. False-negative acupuncture intervention results (i.e., no beneficial clinical effect) in clinical trials could result.

Abstract The Division of Lung Diseases of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, with the Office of Rare Diseases Research, held a workshop to identify priority areas and strategic goals to enhance and accelerate research that will result in improved understanding of the lung vasculature, translational research needs, and ultimately the care of patients with pulmonary vascular diseases. Multidisciplinary experts with diverse experience in laboratory, translational, and clinical studies identified seven priority areas and discussed limitations in our current knowledge, technologies, and approaches. The focus for future research efforts include the following: (1) better characterizing vascular genotype–phenotype relationships and incorporating systems biology approaches when appropriate; (2) advancing our understanding of pulmonary vascular metabolic regulatory signaling in health and disease; (3) expanding our knowledge of the biologic relationships between the lung circulation and circulating elements, systemic vascular function, and right heart function and disease; (4) improving translational research for identifying disease-modifying therapies for the pulmonary hypertensive diseases; (5) establishing an appropriate and effective platform for advancing translational findings into clinical studies testing; and (6) developing the specific technologies and tools that will be enabling for these goals, such as question-guided imaging techniques and lung vascular investigator training programs. Recommendations from this workshop will be used within the Lung Vascular Biology and Disease Extramural Research Program for planning and strategic implementation purposes.

Background— Studies report a protective effect of higher attained educational level (AEL) on cardiovascular outcomes. However, most of these studies have been conducted in high-income countries (HICs) and lack representation from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which bear >80% of the global burden of cardiovascular disease. Methods and Results— The Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry is a prospective study of 67 888 subjects with either established atherothrombotic (coronary, cerebrovascular, and/or peripheral arterial) disease or multiple atherothrombotic risk factors enrolled from 5587 physician practices in 44 countries. At baseline, AEL (0 to 8 years, 9 to 12 years, trade or technical school, and university) was self-reported for 61 332 subjects. Outcomes included the baseline prevalence of atherothrombotic risk factors and the rate of incident cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke) through 23 months across AEL groups, stratified by sex and world region (LMICs or HICs). Educational attainment was inversely associated with age and diabetes mellitus and directly associated with hypercholesterolemia in all subjects. However, for other risk factors such as obesity, smoking, hypertension, and baseline burden of vascular disease, AEL was protective (inversely associated) in HICs but not protective in LMICs. The protective effect of greater AEL on incident cardiovascular events was strongest in men from HICs ( P <0.0001), more modest in women from HICs ( P =0.0026) and in men from LMICs ( P =0.082), and essentially absent in women from LMICs ( P =0.32). Conclusion— In contrast to HICs, higher AEL may not be protective against cardiovascular events in LMICs, particularly in women.

Abstract Rationale Accurate, early identification of patients at risk for developing acute lung injury (ALI) provides the opportunity to test and implement secondary prevention strategies. Objectives To determine the frequency and outcome of ALI development in patients at risk and validate a lung injury prediction score (LIPS). Methods In this prospective multicenter observational cohort study, predisposing conditions and risk modifiers predictive of ALI development were identified from routine clinical data available during initial evaluation. The discrimination of the model was assessed with area under receiver operating curve (AUC). The risk of death from ALI was determined after adjustment for severity of illness and predisposing conditions. Measurements and Main Results Twenty-two hospitals enrolled 5,584 patients at risk. ALI developed a median of 2 (interquartile range 1–4) days after initial evaluation in 377 (6.8%; 148 ALI-only, 229 adult respiratory distress syndrome) patients. The frequency of ALI varied according to predisposing conditions (from 3% in pancreatitis to 26% after smoke inhalation). LIPS discriminated patients who developed ALI from those who did not with an AUC of 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.78–0.82). When adjusted for severity of illness and predisposing conditions, development of ALI increased the risk of in-hospital death (odds ratio, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 2.9–5.7). Conclusions ALI occurrence varies according to predisposing conditions and carries an independently poor prognosis. Using routinely available clinical data, LIPS identifies patients at high risk for ALI early in the course of their illness. This model will alert clinicians about the risk of ALI and facilitate testing and implementation of ALI prevention strategies. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00889772).

Abstract:Over the past 15 years, gene mutations in cardiac ion channels have been linked to a host of potentially fatal human arrhythmias including long QT syndrome, short QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. More recently, a new paradigm for human arrhythmia has emerged based on gene mutations that affect the activity of cardiac ion channel- and transporter- associated proteins. As part of theCirculation Researchthematic series on inherited arrhythmias, this review focuses on the emerging field of human arrhythmias caused by dysfunction in cytosolic gene products (including ankyrins, yotiao, syntrophin, and caveolin-3) that regulate the activities of key membrane ion channels and transporters.

AbstractObesity is a controversial risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) in older women. We evaluated associations between multiple body size parameters and incident CRC in the prospective, population-based Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS). IWHS participants, ages 55 to 69 years, provided data regarding height; weight; weight at ages 50, 40, 30, 18 years; hip circumference; and waist circumference at baseline (1986). Derived variables included body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and “overweight years” (OWY; conceptually similar to cigarette pack-years). Incident CRC cases (n = 1,464) were ascertained from the State Health Registry of Iowa, through 2005. Multivariable Cox regression models were fit to estimate body size–associated CRC risks. Among 36,941 women (619,961 person-years), baseline height, weight, BMI, hip circumference, waist circumference, and WHR were all positively associated with incident CRC (Ptrend ≤ 0.003 for each). Baseline BMI yielded the highest CRC risk estimates (obese III versus normal, RR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.10–2.22; Ptrend &lt; 0.001) and was more closely associated with distal than proximal tumors (Ptrend &lt; 0.001 versus 0.06). Conversely, height was more closely associated with proximal than distal tumors (Ptrend &lt; 0.001 versus 0.04). Other body size parameters were less predictive of incident CRC. These data strongly support a positive association between increased body size and CRC risk among older women. Further investigation of when increased body size has the greatest effect on CRC risk (i.e., early adulthood versus later adulthood) might also be informative, particularly with respect to defining subsite-specific pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res; 3(12); 1608–20. ©2010 AACR.

Purpose We examined associations between tumor characteristics (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2] protein expression, HER2 gene and chromosome 17 copy number, hormone receptor status) and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients in the N9831 adjuvant trastuzumab trial. Patients and Methods All patients (N = 1,888) underwent chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, followed by weekly paclitaxel with or without concurrent trastuzumab. HER2 status was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) at a central laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Patients with conflicting local positive HER2 expression results but normal central laboratory testing were included in the analyses (n = 103). Results Patients with HER2-positive tumors (IHC 3+, FISH HER2/centromere 17 ratio ≥ 2.0, or both) benefited from trastuzumab, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.46, 0.49, and 0.45, respectively (all P < .0001). Patients with HER2-amplified tumors with polysomic (p17) or normal (n17) chromosome 17 copy number also benefited from trastuzumab, with HRs of 0.52 and 0.37, respectively (P < .006). Patients who received chemotherapy alone and had HER2-amplified and p17 tumors had a longer DFS than those who had n17 (78% v 68%; P = .04), irrespective of hormone receptor status or tumor grade. Patients with HER2-normal tumors by central testing (n = 103) seemed to benefit from trastuzumab, but the difference was not statistically significant (HR, 0.51; P = .14). Patients with hormone receptor–positive or –negative tumors benefited from the addition of trastuzumab, with HRs of 0.42 (P = .005) and 0.60 (P = .0001), respectively. Conclusion These results confirm that IHC or FISH HER2 testing is appropriate for patient selection for adjuvant trastuzumab therapy. Trastuzumab benefit seemed independent of HER2/centromere 17 ratio and chromosome 17 copy number.

AbstractBackground: Supplement use among cancer patients is high, and folic acid intake in particular may adversely affect the progression of colorectal cancer. Few studies have evaluated the use of folic acid–containing supplements (FAS) and its predictors in colorectal cancer patients.Objective: To assess the use of FAS, change in use, and its predictors after colorectal cancer diagnosis.Design: We used logistic regression models to investigate predictors of FAS use and its initiation after colorectal cancer diagnosis in 1,092 patients recruited through the Colon Cancer Family Registry.Results: The prevalence of FAS use was 35.4% before and 55.1% after colorectal cancer diagnosis (P = 0.004). Women were more likely than men to use FAS after diagnosis [odds ratio (OR), 1.47; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.14-1.89], as were those consuming more fruit (Ptrend &lt; 0.0001) or vegetables (Ptrend = 0.001), and U.S. residents (P &lt; 0.0001). Less likely to use FAS after diagnosis were nonwhite patients (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.97), current smokers (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46-0.96), and those with higher meat intake (Ptrend = 0.03). Predictors of FAS initiation after diagnosis were generally similar to those of FAS use after diagnosis, although associations with race and vegetable intake were weaker and those with exercise stronger.Conclusions: Our analysis showed substantial increases in the use of FAS after diagnosis with colorectal cancer, with use or initiation more likely among women, Caucasians, U.S. residents, and those with a health-promoting life-style.Impact: Studies of cancer prognosis that rely on prediagnostic exposure information may result in substantial misclassification. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(8); 2023–34. ©2010 AACR.