Citations

ABSTRACT Objective Total laryngectomy (TL) represents a major operation often performed on medically complex patients. The impact of blood transfusion in TL patients is not well defined. Here, we utilize a national database to characterize these patients and further investigate a potential dose‐dependent relationship between transfusion and postoperative outcomes. Methods The National Surgical Quality Program (NSQIP) was queried for patients who underwent TL with/without neck dissection (CPT 31360, 31365) between 2014 and 2022. Total units of transfused blood were only available for patients between 2020 and 2023. Statistical analysis involved hypothesis testing, multivariate logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results Among 2311 patients, 413 (17.9%) received transfusions. Non‐White race, ASA Class ≥ 3, hypertension, cancer with distant metastases, bleeding disorders, and elevated BUN, WBC, and INR were associated with transfusion ( p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified hypertension (OR 1.81), bleeding disorders (OR 2.64), ASA ≥ 3 (OR 2.40), concurrent free flap (OR 3.75) and lower hematocrit (OR 0.85) as predictors. Transfused patients had longer hospital stays (12 vs. 9 days), increased complications (e.g., stroke, DVT), higher reoperation (23.2% vs. 13.9%) and mortality (2.7% vs. 0.8%) ( p < 0.05). ROC analysis suggested transfusion > 2.5 units was associated with adverse outcomes. Conclusion TL remains a major surgical endeavor that can be associated with lengthy and complicated hospital courses. We show that perioperative transfusion may be associated with increased hospital stay, reoperation, and mortality in TL patients, with a potential dose‐dependent effect. Our study reinforces the risks associated with blood transfusion and further supports the thoughtful utilization of blood products in TL patients. Level of Evidence 3.

The NCCN Guidelines for Thyroid Carcinoma address the management of different types of thyroid carcinoma, including papillary, follicular, oncocytic, medullary, and anaplastic carcinoma. The NCCN Thyroid Carcinoma Panel meets at least annually to review comments from reviewers within their institutions, examine relevant new data from publications and abstracts, and reevaluate and update their recommendations. These NCCN Guidelines Insights focus on the panel’s most recent recommendations regarding systemic therapies for thyroid carcinoma as well as the supporting clinical data.

The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Adult Cancer Pain provide recommendations for the comprehensive management of pain in patients with cancer. This article will focus on methods for screening for pain, safe and appropriate prescription of opioid and miscellaneous analgesics, and the optimization of nonpharmacologic interventions including integrative and interventional strategies for treatment of cancer-related pain. Additionally, the NCCN Guidelines discuss methods for the safe reduction of opioids when appropriate, as well as techniques for encouraging the judicious use of opioids. The complete version of the NCCN Guidelines for Adult Cancer Pain addresses additional issues that are not covered here, including management of pain during a pain crisis, management of procedure-related pain and anxiety, pain management for cancer survivors, and the use of nonopioid and adjuvant analgesics for cancer-related pain.

Abstract Background Effusive-constrictive pericarditis (ECP) is a condition where acute pericarditis causes a pericardial effusion and stiffening of the pericardium, which can result in haemodynamic instability due to compression of right-sided cardiac chambers. Here, we present a patient with cardiac tamponade followed by ECP complicating treatment of acute myocardial infarction/cardiogenic shock supported with a percutaneous left ventricular assist device (PVAD). Case summary A 65-year-old male presented with an anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. The left anterior descending artery was stented, and a PVAD was placed. The patient was haemodynamically unstable, and the PVAD had frequent suction alarms at higher flow rates. Pulsus paradoxus was noted on the arterial line tracing. Echocardiography showed a large pericardial effusion, which was drained with improvement in cardiac output. However, the patient soon worsened again with continued PVAD suction alarms, and this time echocardiography demonstrated constrictive physiology. The patient was treated with anti-inflammatory medications with improvement in haemodynamics. The PVAD was able to be weaned, and the patient was discharged in stable condition. Discussion Effusive-constrictive pericarditis is a syndrome exhibiting the physiology of both cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis. Effusive-constrictive pericarditis should be considered in patients whose haemodynamics do not improve after pericardiocentesis. This patient had a PVAD placed, which relies on left ventricular preload to increase cardiac output. The numerous suction alarms encountered during this patient’s intensive care unit course were likely due to ECP decreasing preload.

ABSTRACT 3‐hydroxy acylcarnitines (3‐OH‐ACs) are key biomarkers for screening of long‐chain 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase and trifunctional protein deficiencies (LCHADD/TFPD). The utility of this biomarker for disease monitoring in identified patients remains debated, and recent suggestions have highlighted the potential use of lipidomics for diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and/or identification of new biomarkers. We evaluated the use of omics in LCHADD/TFPD patients by analyzing plasma acylcarnitine profiles, metabolomics, and lipidomics, combined with genotype, visual assessments, and dietary records. Fasting plasma from 39 participants with LCHADD/TFPD and 32 control subjects were analyzed through untargeted metabolomic and lipidomic analyses. In LCHADD/TFPD participants, acylcarnitine profiling, visual and retinal function assessments were performed, and 3‐day diet records were collected. Relationships between acylcarnitines, metabolomics, lipidomics, along with visual outcomes and dietary intake were investigated. Plasma of LCHADD/TFPD participants exhibited elevated 3‐OH‐ACs, which correlated with genotype and visual outcomes. Metabolomics successfully distinguished LCHADD/TFPD from controls, and the biggest divergence was observed in lipid pathways. Metabolomic profiles tightly correlated with 3‐OH‐ACs, genotype, and visual outcomes. Lower concentrations of total lipids and some individual lipid species such as phosphoethanolamines (PE) were detected in LCHADD/TFPD, except for elevations in several certain triglycerides. LCHADD/TFPD participants followed a diet low in long‐chain fat (LCFA) as recommended. LCFA intake did not correlate with either plasma 3‐OH‐ACs or metabolomics. 3‐OH‐ACs are strong consistent biomarkers of LCHADD/TFPD that are associated with clinical parameters of vision and genotype. We did not observe a relationship between dietary LCFA intake and 3‐OH‐ACs.

Introduction: Despite ongoing diversity initiatives, Otolaryngology – Head and Neck surgery continues to face a widening representation gap as the Latinx population in the United States grows. To address this disparity, novel strategies for recruiting Latinx medical students into the specialty must be explored. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was distributed to Latinx medical students in the United States via social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) and Latino Medical Student Association (LMSA) chapters. Results: Most respondents were unfamiliar with Otolaryngology-specific health disparities affecting Latinx communities and indicated an interest in learning more about these disparities. Most respondents indicated that early exposure to Otolaryngology disparities affecting Latinx communities could increase interest in exploring the specialty. Additionally, most participants deemed a department's commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion and opportunities to serve Latinx patients to be necessary residency program attributes when deciding between programs (69.2% and 66.7%, respectively). Conclusion: Integrating community outreach and education on Otolaryngology-related health disparities into undergraduate medical education may serve as a promising strategy to enhance Latinx recruitment and representation in the specialty.

Objective We sought to characterize the frequency of postoperative opioid prescriptions in patients undergoing cleft lip repair (CLR). Design The NSQIP-P 2023 database was queried to identify patients undergoing CLR using CPT codes. Univariable analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with postoperative opioid prescription. Setting A multicenter sample from 157 participating sites. Patients/participants A total of 1497 cases (1215 unilateral CLR and 282 bilateral CLR) were identified. Main outcomes/measures The postoperative outcomes of interest were whether an opioid was prescribed to a patient at discharge and what factors were independently associated with opioid prescribing at discharge. Results A total of 44.6% of patients with a mean age of 5.1 ± 1.9 months were prescribed opioids at discharge, most commonly oxycodone (76.3%). Univariable analysis identified an increase in weight (kg) (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, P = .03), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification (ordinal) (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.06-1.47, P = .01), anesthesia time (10 min) (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.04, P = .03), and age (months) (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00-1.12, P = .04) as being associated with opioid prescription at discharge. Bilateral versus unilateral CLR ( P = .49) and outpatient versus inpatient operation ( P = .38) were not associated with opioid prescribing. Conclusion Opioid stewardship is important in pediatric care, with our results showing age, weight, anesthesia time, and ASA classifications are predictors of opioid prescription. Further research examining contributors to patient pain following CLR is necessary to optimize opioid prescribing without negatively impacting the patient.

ABSTRACTIntroductionDurable left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are susceptible to infection. The presence of a transvenous cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) may further elevate this risk, making it necessary to remove the CIED system. This report presents the procedural characteristics and outcomes of CIED system extraction in patients with LVADs.MethodsThis is a single‐center retrospective study that included patients with durable LVADs who underwent transvenous CIED extraction at our institution from 2017 to 2023.ResultsTwenty patients with LVAD (HeartMate II = 14; HeartMate III = 6) underwent CIED removal during the study period. The median age was 52.5 (IQR = 42.5–56.5) years, and 7 patients had ischemic cardiomyopathy. Ninety percent (n = 18) of the extractions were due to infection, while 10% (n = 2) were for lead management. Complete removal of all leads was accomplished in 19 patients (95%). Overall, 40 out of 45 leads were removed during 20 procedures. Simple traction was used in 8 patients and specialized extraction tools were used in 12 (laser sheaths = 10; mechanical rotational sheaths = 7; both = 5). No leads were removed in one patient (5 leads; 2 abandoned leads with 42.5 years intravascular dwell time). There were no major procedure‐related complications. Two minor procedure‐related complications included a femoral arterial pseudoaneurysm and one pocket revision due to persistent surgical site bleeding. During a median follow‐up of 17 (IQR = 8.0–22.3) months, 8 patients underwent pump exchange due to persistent infection, and 15 remained on chronic suppressive antibiotics. Nine patients died during the follow‐up.ConclusionThe extraction of CIED systems in patients with LVAD is safe and feasible, exhibiting low procedure‐related morbidity and mortality. However, the long‐term prognosis for these patients remains poor despite the removal of CIEDs.

Abstract The lack of a molecular understanding of mood disorders has impeded progress in diagnosis and treatment. Glycosylation may provide insights into the complex mechanisms underlying these conditions. We conducted N-glycoproteomic analysis on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex samples from individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), in depressive or manic states at death. Additionally, we examined depression prevalence in congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) through a literature review and assessment of 110 CDG patients. Glycoproteomic analysis revealed a significant increase in protein glycosylation in individuals with MDD relative to both controls and individuals with BD. Depression prevalence was lower in our pediatric and adult cohort of individuals with CDG. These results suggest brain glycosylation changes may play a role in mood disorder pathology and highlight the distinct biology of unipolar and bipolar depression. Our findings propose that impaired glycosylation may confer resilience to depression, offering potential therapeutic insights.