Jackson, Ryan S.

ObjectiveHuman adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) were used to rehabilitate bone damaged by osteoradionecrosis (ORN) in an established animal model.Study DesignProspective animal study.SettingAcademic department laboratory.Subjects and MethodsAfter institutional review board and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, 24 athymic nude rats were divided into 5 groups: 4 groups irradiated (20 Gy) by brachytherapy catheter placed at the left hemimandible and 1 mock irradiation control (n = 4). For all groups, ORN was initiated by extraction of the central molar 1 week later. After 28 days, animals (n = 5/group) received injection at the extraction site with saline (SAL), ADSCs, platelet‐rich plasma and collagen (PRP/COL), or ADSCs + PRP/COL. Rats were sacrificed 28 days later and their mandibles harvested for histopathology analysis (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and fibrosis) and bone volume measurement using 3‐dimensional micro–computed tomography.ResultsAll but 1 rat survived the experiment period (23/24). Radiographic and histological analysis revealed 60% bone loss in the SAL group compared with the nonirradiated control. Injection of ADSCs increased jaw region bone volume by up to 36% (P <. 01). All experimental groups (ADSC, PRP/COL, and ADSC + PRP/COL) showed dramatically decreased osteoclast counts (P <. 001) while injection of PRP/COL with or without ADSCs increased osteoblasts. Increased fibrosis was observed after ADSC injection (P <. 05).ConclusionThe application of human ADSCs to an induced mandibular osteoradionecrosis model in athymic rats results in increased deposition or preservation of bone, demonstrated both histologically and radiographically. This offers an encouraging possible treatment option for translational research in this difficult disease.

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate outcomes for patients with pathological N3 (pN3) neck disease from human papillomavirus (HPV)–related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and determine variables predictive of survival.Study DesignRetrospective case series with chart review.MethodsThis study was conducted between 1998 and 2013 and included patients with HPV‐related OPSCC treated with surgery with or without adjuvant therapy and who had pN3 nodal disease. The primary outcome was disease‐specific survival (DSS). Secondary outcomes included overall survival (OS), disease‐free survival (DFS), adverse events, and gastrostomy tube rates.ResultsThirty‐nine patients were included, of whom 36 (90%) underwent adjuvant therapy. Median follow‐up was 39 months (range, 2–147 months). Mean age was 56 years, and 87% were male. Seventeen patients (44%) underwent selective neck dissection, whereas six (15%) underwent radical (n = 2) or extended radical (n = 4) neck dissection. Ninety‐two percent had extracapsular extension. Five‐year Kaplan‐Meier estimated DSS, OS, and DFS were 89% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 79%–99%), 87% (95% CI: 75%–99%), and 84% (95% CI: 72%–96%), respectively. The disease recurrence rate was 10% (5% regional, 5% distant metastasis). Patients with less than 5 pathologically positive lymph nodes (P = .041) had improved DFS.ConclusionsPatients with HPV‐related OPSCC and pN3 nodal disease treated with surgery and adjuvant therapy have very favorable long‐term survival and regional control. Patients with five or more pathologically positive lymph nodes may be at higher risk for recurrence.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 127:2033–2037, 2017

Objective: To report hemifacial spasm (HFS) as a rare presenting symptom of a benign parotid neoplasm involving the stylomastoid foramen. Methods: Case report with literature review. Results: An 18-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of a progressively enlarging right infra-auricular mass with new onset ipsilateral severe HFS. Clinical vetting unveiled a palpable 2 cm, firm, minimally mobile mass medial to the angle of the mandible. Imaging revealed a heterogeneous intraparotid mass with tumor extension into the stylomastoid foramen. Diagnostic consideration was given to neurogenic tumors and neoplasms of parotid origin. The patient ultimately underwent superficial parotidectomy and the tumor was found superficial and extrinsic to the proximal facial nerve trunk but extended into the stylomastoid foramen. The tumor was removed after performing mastoidectomy with mastoid segment facial nerve decompression. Frozen section pathology was consistent with pleomorphic adenoma. Postoperatively the patient had normal facial nerve function with immediate and complete resolution of HFS. To date there are only three other published reports of benign parotid tumors presenting with HFS and this is the first illustrating intratemporal tumor extension. Conclusions: HFS is a rare presenting symptom associated with benign parotid neoplasms with scarce documentation in the literature. In this index case, tumor extirpation with mastoid segment facial nerve decompression provided immediate and durable resolution of symptoms.

ObjectivesTo examine outcomes of selective neck dissection (SND) in patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) who present with clinical neck disease.Study DesignMulti‐institutional retrospective review.MethodsTwo institutional databases of patients with HPV‐related OPSCC were reviewed to identify patients with clinical (c) N1‐N3 neck disease who underwent SND ± adjuvant therapy.ResultsThree hundred and twenty‐four patients were identified with a median follow‐up of 49 months (range 3–199 months). All patients underwent transoral resection of the primary tumor and SND, including levels II–IV and ± levels I or V, with resection of additional nonlymphatic tissue (extended SND) as indicated by extent of disease, including the spinal accessory nerve (7%), the internal jugular vein (13%), and the sternocleidomastoid muscle (8%). Two hundred and seventy (83%) patients underwent adjuvant radiation. There were 13 (4%) regional recurrences and 19 (6%) distant recurrences. Regional control following salvage was 98%. On univariable analysis, absence of radiation was associated with regional recurrence (odds ratio [OR] 9.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9–29.4). On multivariable analysis, adjuvant radiation was associated with improved disease‐free survival (DFS) (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.14–0.53) but lost significance for overall (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) (P > 0.05). Five‐year Kaplan‐Meier estimates for OS, DSS, and DFS were 88% (95% CI 84%–92%), 93% (95% CI 89%–96%), and 83% (95% CI 78%–87%), respectively.ConclusionIn HPV‐related OPSCC presenting with clinical neck disease, a SND ± additional tissue resection and adjuvant therapy, when indicated, provides excellent long‐term regional control. Omission of radiotherapy increases the risk of regional recurrence, although it may not significantly impact OS or DSS. It appears unnecessary to routinely perform a comprehensive neck dissection.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 127:623–630, 2017

This case describes a subtotal cricoid cartilage defect reconstructed with a prefabricated composite free flap. A 61‐year‐old man with a chondrosarcoma of the cricoid cartilage required a subtotal cricoidectomy. The resulting defect was successfully reconstructed with a two‐stage prefabricated radial forearm free flap utilizing auricular cartilage. Our case further adds to the evidence that prefabricated flaps are reliable in airway reconstruction. Additionally, this provides another option for laryngeal preservation in patients with laryngeal chondrosarcoma. Laryngoscope, 125:2514–2517, 2015

ObjectiveWe aim to create a model of mandibular osteoradionecrosis in athymic rats. Athymic rats provide an immunosuppressed environment whereby human stem cells and biomaterials can be used to investigate regenerative solutions for osteoradionecrosis, bridging the gap between in vivo testing and clinical application.Study DesignProspective animal study.SettingAcademic otolaryngology department laboratory.Subjects and MethodsAfter Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, 10 athymic nude rats were divided into 2 groups. The experimental group (n = 6) underwent irradiation (20 Gy), while the control group (n = 4) underwent sham irradiation catheter placement only. All 10 rats underwent extraction of the second mandibular molar 7 days later. The rats were sacrificed 28 days after dental extraction, and their mandibles were harvested. The mandibles were examined with histologic analysis and bone volume analysis based on 3‐dimensional micro–computed tomography.ResultsAll 10 rats survived the experiment period. Radiographic and histologic analysis revealed decreased bone formation in the experimental group compared with the control group. Jaw region volume ratio was 0.83 for the experimental group versus 0.97 in the control group (P =. 003). The region‐of‐interest volume ratio was 0.75 in the experimental group and 0.97 in the control group (P =. 005). Histologically, there were increased osteoclasts (P =. 02) and decreased osteoblasts (P =. 001) as well as increased fibrosis in the experimental group versus the control group.ConclusionMandibular osteoradionecrosis can be effectively and reproducibly produced in an athymic rat model. This will allow further research to study regenerative medicine in an athymic rat model.